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require still more

  • 1 προσεπιλαμβάνω

    2 take or require still more, Thphr.HP8.2.7: c. gen., Porph.Abst.2.27; take in, occupy besides, Plb.10.10.5, Gem. 18.3; receive in addition,

    τὴν ἐποπτείαν Plu.Demetr.26

    ;

    παλάθην ἰσχάδων Luc.Pisc.41

    ; τοῦ δημοσίου a piece of public land, Plu.Publ. 20: abs., encroach, Thphr.Ign.50.
    3 extend, increase,

    τῷ πλήθει τὴν ἐξουσίαν Arist.Ath.41.2

    .
    II [voice] Med., lay hold besides, [

    τινὸς] κατὰ τὸ γόνυ Hp.Fract.13

    : metaph., help in a thing besides,

    προσεπιλαβέσθαι τοῦ πολέμου Hdt.5.44

    ; τοῦ ἔργου take part in it, D.C.75.6: abs., attack besides, Pl.Ti. 65d.
    2 touch on besides, Paus.3.6.9.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσεπιλαμβάνω

  • 2 Thinking

       But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)
       I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)
       Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)
       In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)
       Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)
       There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)
       But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)
       It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)
       The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)
       Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)
       What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)
       [E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking

  • 3 in

    1. preposition
    1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

    in the fields — auf den Feldern

    shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

    2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mit

    in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen

    a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1); itself 1)

    4) (as a proportionate part of)

    eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

    5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

    be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein

    be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

    6) (as content of)

    what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)

    there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

    there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

    7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)

    have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben

    8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)

    he's in politics — er ist Politiker

    9)

    be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

    10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

    in this way — auf diese Weise; so

    this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

    draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

    11) (while, during)

    in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

    in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

    4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

    in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

    12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

    in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

    13) (within the ability of)

    have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

    14)

    in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

    15)

    in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch

    2. adverb
    1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

    ‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

    2) (at home, work, etc.)

    be in — da sein

    he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da

    3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

    cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

    4) (inward) innen
    5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode
    6) (elected)

    be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

    8)

    somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

    we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

    9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

    be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

    be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen

    3. attributive adjective
    (fashionable) Mode-

    the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

    in joke — Insiderwitz, der

    4. noun
    * * *
    (in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) in Stücke
    * * *
    in
    [ɪn]
    1. (position) in + dat
    the butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im Kühlschrank
    I live \in New York/Germany ich lebe in New York/Deutschland
    he read it \in the paper er hat es in der Zeitung gelesen
    soak it \in warm water lassen Sie es in warmem Wasser einweichen
    I've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rücken
    who's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?
    he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichts
    down below \in the valley unten im Tal
    \in a savings account auf einem Sparkonto
    to lie in bed/the sun im Bett/in der Sonne liegen
    to ride \in a car [im] Auto fahren
    to be \in hospital im Krankenhaus sein
    \in the middle of sth in der Mitte von etw dat
    to be \in prison im Gefängnis sein
    to be \in a prison in einem Gefängnis sein (als Besucher)
    \in the street auf der Straße
    2. after vb (into) in + dat
    I just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getan
    he went \in the rain er ging hinaus in den Regen
    slice the potatoes \in two schneiden Sie die Kartoffel einmal durch
    to get \in the car ins Auto steigen
    to invest \in the future in die Zukunft investieren
    to invest one's savings \in stocks seine Ersparnisse in Aktien anlegen
    to get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen, in Schwierigkeiten geraten
    3. AM (at) auf + dat
    is Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?
    Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem College
    he was a singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Band
    there are 31 days in March der März hat 31 Tage
    get together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!
    you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich, in Gedanken sind wir bei dir
    5. (state, condition) in + dat
    he cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzen
    he always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel
    \in anger im Zorn
    dark \in colour dunkelfarbig
    difference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied m
    to be \in [no] doubt [nicht] zweifeln [o im Zweifel sein]
    \in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung
    \in horror voller Entsetzen
    \in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeit
    to be \in a hurry es eilig haben
    to be \in love [with sb] [in jdn] verliebt sein
    to fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verlieben
    to live \in luxury im Luxus leben
    to be \in in a good mood guter Laune sein
    \in private vertraulich
    to put sth \in order etw in Ordnung bringen
    \in a state of panic in Panik
    \in secret im Geheimen, heimlich
    to tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen
    6. (with) mit + dat
    , in + dat
    it was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogen
    to pay \in cash [in] bar bezahlen
    to pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlen
    to write \in ink/pencil mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben
    to paint \in oils in Öl malen
    \in writing schriftlich
    Mozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll
    \in English/French/German auf Englisch/Französisch/Deutsch
    to listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hören
    to speak to sb \in a normal tone of voice sich akk mit jdm normal unterhalten
    to speak \in a loud/small voice mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen
    to talk \in a whisper sehr leise reden, mit Flüsterstimme sprechen
    8. (time: during) am + dat
    , in + dat
    he's getting forgetful \in his old age er wird vergesslich auf seine alten Tage
    she assisted the doctor \in the operation sie assistierte dem Arzt bei der Operation
    \in 1968 [im Jahre] 1968
    \in the end am Ende, schließlich
    to be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel sein
    to be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein
    \in March/May im März/Mai
    \in the morning/afternoon/evening morgens [o am Morgen] /nachmittags [o am Nachmittag] /abends [o am Abend]
    \in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern
    \in spring/summer/autumn/winter im Frühling/Sommer/Herbst/Winter
    9. (time: within) in + dat
    dinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertig
    I'll be ready \in a week's time in einer Woche werde ich fertig sein
    he learnt to drive \in two weeks in [o innerhalb von] zwei Wochen konnte er Auto fahren
    to return \in a few minutes/hours/days in einigen Minuten/Stunden/Tagen zurückkommen
    \in record time in Rekordzeit
    10. (time: for) seit + dat
    she hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehört
    I haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemacht
    I haven't seen her \in years ich habe sie seit Jahren nicht gesehen
    11. (at a distance of) nach + dat
    the house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen
    he's \in computers er hat mit Computern zu tun
    she's \in business/politics sie ist Geschäftsfrau/Politikerin
    she works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlag
    to enlist \in the army sich akk als Soldat verpflichten
    13. (wearing) in + dat
    he was all \in black er war ganz in Schwarz
    you look nice \in green Grün steht dir
    the woman \in the hat die Frau mit dem Hut
    the man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzug
    to be \in disguise verkleidet sein
    \in the nude nackt
    to sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbaden
    to be \in uniform Uniform tragen
    14. (result) als
    \in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss
    \in exchange als Ersatz, dafür
    \in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit
    \in reply [or answer] [or response] to als Reaktion [o Antwort] auf + akk
    \in that... ( form) insofern als
    I was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte
    15. + -ing (while doing)
    \in attempting to save the child, he nearly lost his own life bei dem Versuch, das Kind zu retten, kam er beinahe selbst um
    \in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job
    \in saying this, I will offend him wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen
    \in doing so dabei, damit
    temperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen werden sich morgen um 25 Grad bewegen
    he's about six foot \in height er ist ungefähr zwei Meter groß
    a novel \in 3 parts ein Roman in 3 Teilen
    people died \in their thousands die Menschen starben zu Tausenden
    to be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen
    \in total insgesamt
    the potatoes are twenty pence \in the pound die Kartoffeln kosten zwanzig Pence pro Pfund
    she has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu drei
    one \in ten people jeder zehnte
    18. after vb (concerning)
    to interfere \in sb's business sich akk in jds Angelegenheiten einmischen
    to share \in sb's success an jds Erfolg teilnehmen
    to be interested \in in sth sich akk für etw akk interessieren
    she underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändert
    she had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidung
    to have confidence \in sb jdm vertrauen, Vertrauen zu jdm haben
    20. (in a person)
    ▪ \in sb mit jdm
    we're losing a very good sales agent \in Kim mit Kim verlieren wir eine sehr gute Verkaufsassistentin
    it isn't \in sb to do sth jd ist nicht zu etw dat in der Lage
    it's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügen
    to not have it \in oneself to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun
    21. (author) bei + dat
    these themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor
    22.
    ▶ \in all insgesamt
    there were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt
    ▶ all \in all alles in allem
    all \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen, war es ein gutes Jahr
    ▶ \in between dazwischen
    ▶ there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied
    ▶ to be \in and out of sth:
    she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im Krankenhaus
    II. ADVERB
    1. inv (into sth) herein
    come \in! herein!
    \in with you! rein mit dir!
    he opened the door and went \in er öffnete die Tür und ging hinein
    she was locked \in sie war eingesperrt
    could you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche hereinholen?
    she didn't ask me \in sie hat mich nicht hereingebeten
    the sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hinein
    to bring the harvest \in die Ernte einbringen
    2. inv (at arrival point) train, bus
    the train got \in very late der Zug ist sehr spät eingetroffen
    the bus is due \in any moment now der Bus müsste jetzt jeden Moment kommen
    3. inv (towards land)
    is the tide coming \in or going out? kommt oder geht die Flut?
    we watched the ship come \in wir sahen zu, wie das Schiff einlief
    4. inv (submitted)
    to get [or hand] sth \in etw abgeben [o einreichen
    5. inv (elected)
    to get \in candidate gewählt werden; party also an die Regierung kommen
    6.
    ▶ day \in, day out tagein, tagaus
    ▶ to get \in with sb sich akk bei jdm lieb Kind machen fam
    ▶ to get \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen
    ▶ to let sb \in on sth jdn in etw akk einweihen
    1. pred, inv (there) da; (at home) zu Hause
    is David \in? ist David da?
    I'm afraid Mr Jenkins is not \in at the moment Herr Jenkins ist leider gerade nicht im Hause form
    to have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringen
    2. inv (leading in) einwärts
    door \in Eingangstür f
    \in-tray AUS, BRIT
    \in-box AM Behälter m für eingehende Post
    3. inv (in fashion) in
    ▪ to be \in in [o angesagt] sein
    to be the \in place to dance/dine ein angesagtes Tanzlokal/Restaurant sein
    4. pred, inv (submitted)
    when does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?
    the application must be \in by May 31 die Bewerbung muss bis zum 31. Mai eingegangen sein
    5. pred, inv (elected)
    ▪ to be \in candidate gewählt sein; party also an der Regierung sein
    6. pred, inv SPORT (within bounds)
    the ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!
    7. pred, inv SPORT
    ▪ to be \in player am Ball sein; (in cricket) team am Schlag sein
    8. pred, inv (in season) reif
    pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch!
    9.
    ▶ to be \in at sth bei etw dat dabei sein
    ▶ to be \in for sth sich akk auf etw akk gefasst machen müssen
    you'll be \in for it if... du kannst dich auf was gefasst machen, wenn...
    ▶ to be \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen
    ▶ to be [well] \in with sb bei jdm gut angeschrieben sein
    she just says those things to get \in with the teacher sie sagt so was doch nur, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machen
    IV. NOUN
    1. (connection) Kontakt[e] m[pl]
    he wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte
    ▪ the \ins die Regierungspartei
    3.
    ▶ to know the \ins and outs of sth sich akk in einer S. dat genau auskennen
    ▶ to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen
    * * *
    [ɪn]
    1. PREPOSITION
    When in is the second element of a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, hand in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, in the end, weak in, wrapped in, look up the other word.
    1) position in (+dat); (with motion) in (+acc)

    it was in the lorry/bag/car — es war auf dem Lastwagen/in der Tasche/im Auto

    he put it in the lorry/car/bag — er legte es auf den Lastwagen/ins Auto/steckte es in die Tasche

    in here/there — hierin/darin, hier/da drin (inf); (with motion) hier/da hinein or rein (inf)

    in the street — auf der/die Straße

    to stay in the house — im Haus or (at home) zu Hause or zuhause (Aus, Sw) bleiben

    in bed/prison — im Bett/Gefängnis

    in Germany/Switzerland/the United States — in Deutschland/der Schweiz/den Vereinigten Staaten after the superlative, in is sometimes untranslated and the genitive case used instead.

    the best in the class — der Beste der Klasse, der Klassenbeste

    2) people bei

    you can find examples of this in Dickens —

    he doesn't have it in him to... — er bringt es nicht fertig,... zu...

    3) dates, seasons, time of day in (+dat)

    in the morning(s) — morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittag

    in the afternoon — nachmittags, am Nachmittag

    in the daytime — tagsüber, während des Tages

    in the evening — abends, am Abend

    in those days — damals, zu jener Zeit

    4) time of life in (+dat)

    in childhood — in der Kindheit, im Kindesalter

    5) interval of time in (+dat)

    in a week( 's time) — in einer Woche

    in a moment or minute — sofort, gleich

    6) numbers, quantities zu

    to count in fives —

    in large/small quantities — in großen/kleinen Mengen

    in some measure — in gewisser Weise, zu einem gewissen Grad

    in part — teilweise, zum Teil

    7)

    ratios he has a one in 500 chance of winning — er hat eine Gewinnchance von eins zu 500

    one ( man) in ten — einer von zehn, jeder Zehnte

    one book/child in ten — jedes zehnte Buch/Kind, ein Buch/Kind von zehn

    8)

    manner, state, condition to speak in a loud/soft voice — mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen, laut/leise sprechen

    to speak in a whisper — flüstern, flüsternd sprechen

    to speak in German —

    to stand in a row/in groups — in einer Reihe/in Gruppen stehen

    to live in luxury/poverty — im Luxus/in Armut leben

    9) clothes in (+dat)

    in his shirt sleeves — in Hemdsärmeln, hemdsärmelig

    she was dressed in silk —

    10)

    substance, material upholstered in silk — mit Seide bezogen

    to write in ink/pencil — mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben

    in marble — in Marmor, marmorn

    a sculptor who works in marble — ein Bildhauer, der mit Marmor arbeitet

    11)

    in respect of blind in the left eye — auf dem linken Auge blind, links blind

    a rise in prices — ein Preisanstieg m, ein Anstieg m der Preise

    12)

    occupation, activity he is in the army — er ist beim Militär

    he is in banking/the motor business — er ist im Bankwesen/in der Autobranche (tätig)

    13)

    set structures __diams; in + -ing in saying this, I... — wenn ich das sage,... ich

    in trying to escape — beim Versuch zu fliehen, beim Fluchtversuch

    in trying to save him she fell into the water herself — beim Versuch or als sie versuchte, ihn zu retten, fiel sie selbst ins Wasser

    but in saying this —

    he made a mistake in saying that — es war ein Fehler von ihm, das zu sagen

    the plan was unrealistic in that it didn't take account of the fact that... — der Plan war unrealistisch, da or weil er nicht berücksichtigte, dass...

    2. ADVERB
    When in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come in, live in, sleep in, look up the verb.da; (at home also) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw)

    there is nobody in — es ist niemand da/zu Hause to be in may require a more specific translation.

    he's in for a surprise/disappointment — ihm steht eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung bevor, er kann sich auf eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung gefasst machen

    we are in for rain/a cold spell — uns (dat) steht Regen/eine Kältewelle bevor

    he's in for it! — der kann sich auf was gefasst machen (inf), der kann sich freuen (iro) __diams; to have it in for sb (inf) es auf jdn abgesehen haben (inf) __diams; to be in on sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein; on secret etc über etw (acc) Bescheid wissen

    he likes to be in on things — er mischt gern (überall) mit (inf) __diams; to be (well) in with sb sich gut mit jdm verstehen

    3. ADJECTIVE
    (inf) in inv (inf)

    the in thing — das, was zurzeit in ist (inf) or Mode ist

    the in thing is to... — es ist zurzeit in (inf) or Mode, zu...

    4. the insPLURAL NOUN
    1) = details __diams; the ins and outs die Einzelheiten pl

    to know the ins and outs of sth —

    * * *
    in [ın]
    A präp
    1. (räumlich, auf die Frage: wo?) in (dat), innerhalb (gen), an (dat), auf (dat):
    in England (London) in England (London); → blind A 1 a, country A 5, field A 1, room A 2, sky A 1, street A 1, etc
    2. fig in (dat), bei, auf (dat), an (dat): → army 3, politics 3, share1 A 4 b, stock A 19, etc
    4. (auf die Frage: wohin?) in (akk):
    put it in your pocket steck es in die Tasche
    5. (Zustand, Beschaffenheit, Art und Weise) in (dat), auf (akk), mit:
    in G major MUS in G-Dur; → arm2 Bes Redew, brief B 1, case1 A 2, cash1 A 2, doubt C 1, C 3, dozen, English B 2, group A 1, manner 1, ruin A 2, short C 2, tear1 1, word Bes Redew, writing A 4, etc
    6. (Beteiligung) in (dat), an (dat), bei:
    be in it beteiligt sein, teilnehmen;
    he isn’t in it er gehört nicht dazu;
    a) es lohnt sich nicht,
    b) → nothing Bes Redew
    7. (Tätigkeit, Beschäftigung) in (dat), bei, mit, auf (dat):
    in crossing the river beim Überqueren des Flusses; → accident 3, search C 1
    8. (im Besitz, in der Macht) in (dat), bei, an (dat):
    it is not in her to do sth es liegt nicht in ihrer Art, etwas zu tun; → have Bes Redew, etc
    9. (zeitlich) in (dat), an (dat), bei, binnen, unter (dat), während, zu:
    a) in oder binnen zwei Stunden,
    b) während zweier Stunden;
    in 1985 1985; → beginning 1, daytime, evening A 1, flight2, October, reign A 1, time Bes Redew, winter A 1, year 1, etc
    10. (Richtung) in (akk, dat), auf (akk), zu: → confidence 1, trust B 1, etc
    11. (Zweck) in (dat), zu, als: → answer A 1, defence 5, etc
    12. (Grund) in (dat), aus, wegen, zu: → honor B 2, sport A 4, etc
    13. (Hinsicht, Beziehung) in (dat), an (dat), in Bezug auf (akk):
    the latest thing in das Neueste in oder an oder auf dem Gebiet (gen); → equal A 10, far Bes Redew, itself 3, number A 2, that3 4, width 1, etc
    14. nach, gemäß: → opinion 1, probability 1, etc
    15. (Mittel, Material, Stoff) in (dat), aus, mit, durch:
    in black boots in oder mit schwarzen Stiefeln;
    a statue in bronze eine Bronzestatue; → oil A 2, pencil A 1, white B 1, etc
    16. (Zahl, Betrag) in (dat), aus, von, zu:
    seven in all insgesamt oder im Ganzen sieben;
    there are 60 minutes in an hour eine Stunde hat 60 Minuten;
    one in ten Americans einer von zehn Amerikanern, jeder zehnte Amerikaner;
    five in the hundred 5 vom Hundert, 5 Prozent; → all Bes Redew, one A 1, etc
    B adv
    1. innen, drinnen:
    in among mitten unter (akk od dat);
    know in and out jemanden, etwas ganz genau kennen, in- und auswendig kennen;
    be in for sth etwas zu erwarten haben;
    now you are in for it umg jetzt bist du dran:
    a) jetzt kannst du nicht mehr zurück
    b) jetzt bist oder sitzt oder steckst du in der Patsche, jetzt gehts dir an den Kragen umg;
    he is in for a shock er wird einen gewaltigen Schreck oder einen Schock bekommen;
    I am in for an examination mir steht eine Prüfung bevor;
    a) eingeweiht sein in (akk),
    b) beteiligt sein an (dat);
    be in with sb mit jemandem gutstehen;
    the harvest is in die Ernte ist eingebracht; → keep in B 3, penny 1, etc
    2. herein: → come in 1, show in, etc
    3. hinein:
    the way in der Eingang, der Weg nach innen; → walk in, etc
    4. da, (an)gekommen:
    5. zu Hause, im Zimmer etc:
    Mrs Brown is not in Mrs. Brown ist nicht da oder zu Hause;
    he has been in and out all day er kommt und geht schon den ganzen Tag
    6. POL an der Macht, an der Regierung, am Ruder umg:
    7. in umg, in Mode: → come in 3
    8. SCHIFF
    a) im Hafen
    b) beschlagen, festgemacht (Segel)
    c) zum Hafen:
    on the way in beim Einlaufen (in den Hafen)
    9. dazu, zusätzlich, als Zugabe: → throw in 3
    C adj
    1. im Innern oder im Hause befindlich, Innen…
    2. POL an der Macht befindlich:
    in party Regierungspartei f
    3. nach Hause kommend:
    the in train der ankommende Zug
    4. an in restaurant ein Restaurant, das gerade in ist;
    the in people die Leute, die alles mitmachen, was gerade in ist
    5. umg (nur) für Eingeweihte oder Kenner (Witz etc)
    D s
    1. pl POL US Regierungspartei f
    2. Winkel m, Ecke f:
    a) alle Winkel und Ecken,
    b) fig (alle) Einzelheiten oder Schwierigkeiten oder Feinheiten;
    know all the ins and outs of sich ganz genau auskennen bei oder in (dat), in- und auswendig kennen (akk)
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

    shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

    a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also herself 1); itself 1)

    eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

    5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

    be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

    there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

    there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

    7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)
    8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)
    9)

    be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

    10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

    in this way — auf diese Weise; so

    this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

    draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

    11) (while, during)

    in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

    in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

    4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

    in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

    12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

    in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

    have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

    14)

    in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

    15)

    in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch

    2. adverb
    1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

    ‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

    2) (at home, work, etc.)
    3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

    cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

    4) (inward) innen
    5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode

    be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

    8)

    somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

    we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

    9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

    be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

    be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen

    3. attributive adjective

    the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

    in joke — Insiderwitz, der

    4. noun
    * * *
    adj.
    hinein adj. prep.
    an präp.
    auf präp.
    in präp.

    English-german dictionary > in

  • 4 requerir

    v.
    1 to require.
    Ellos requieren un auto They require a car.
    Ella requiere amor She demands love.
    La necesidad demanda proceder Need requires proceeding.
    2 to demand.
    3 to order (law).
    4 to summon.
    El juez requirió al demandado The judge summoned the defendant.
    5 to require to, to need to.
    Ella requiere firmar She requires to sign.
    6 to take.
    Requiere tiempo It requires time to things correctly.
    7 to page, to call out for, to call.
    Ellos requieren a María They page Mary.
    8 to want.
    9 to call to.
    This situation calls to act rapidly Esta situación requiere actuar rápido.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HERVIR], like link=hervir hervir
    1 (necesitar) to require, need
    2 (decir con autoridad) to demand, call for
    3 (solicitar) to request
    4 (persuadir) to persuade
    5 DERECHO to summon
    \
    requerir de amores literal to court, woo
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=necesitar) to need, require

    "se requiere dominio del inglés" — "fluent English required", "good command of English required"

    2) (=solicitar) to request, ask
    3) (=llamar) to send for, summon frm
    4) †† (=requebrar) (tb: requerir de amores) to court, woo
    2.
    VI

    requerir de — esp LAm to need, require

    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( necesitar) to require

    requiere paciencia — it requires o demands patience

    2) < documento> to require; < persona> to summon
    * * *
    = have + calls for, call for, call on/upon, cry for, demand, involve, make + demand, require, elicit, requisition.
    Ex. For some while there have been calls for an abbreviated version of AACR, for small libraries and for non-cataloguers.
    Ex. The main rules call for entry of societies under name and institutions under place.
    Ex. The difference is only that an indexer is not usually called upon to appreciate the subtleties of the subject to the same extent as an abstractor.
    Ex. However, this work still cries for expansion, and it must also become more systematic.
    Ex. The other part of the picture reveals title indexes to be only crude subject indexes, which for effective use demand imagination and searching skills on the part of the user.
    Ex. Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex. Also, informative abstracts make greater demands upon appreciation of subject content than indicative abstracts.
    Ex. The condition approach should require less enumeration of rules for different types of materials, and therefore should require fewer rules.
    Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex. More specialised titles are requisitioned through interlending.
    ----
    * requerir atención = require + consideration, require + attention.
    * requerir más destreza = be more of an art.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( necesitar) to require

    requiere paciencia — it requires o demands patience

    2) < documento> to require; < persona> to summon
    * * *
    = have + calls for, call for, call on/upon, cry for, demand, involve, make + demand, require, elicit, requisition.

    Ex: For some while there have been calls for an abbreviated version of AACR, for small libraries and for non-cataloguers.

    Ex: The main rules call for entry of societies under name and institutions under place.
    Ex: The difference is only that an indexer is not usually called upon to appreciate the subtleties of the subject to the same extent as an abstractor.
    Ex: However, this work still cries for expansion, and it must also become more systematic.
    Ex: The other part of the picture reveals title indexes to be only crude subject indexes, which for effective use demand imagination and searching skills on the part of the user.
    Ex: Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex: Also, informative abstracts make greater demands upon appreciation of subject content than indicative abstracts.
    Ex: The condition approach should require less enumeration of rules for different types of materials, and therefore should require fewer rules.
    Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex: More specialised titles are requisitioned through interlending.
    * requerir atención = require + consideration, require + attention.
    * requerir más destreza = be more of an art.

    * * *
    vt
    A (necesitar) to require
    éstos son los precios de los productos que requieren these are the prices of the products you require
    requiere mucha paciencia it calls for o requires o demands o needs a great deal of patience
    una enfermedad que requirió su hospitalización an illness which necessitated o required her hospitalization
    [ S ] se requiere buena presencia good appearance essential
    B ‹documento› to require; ‹persona› to summon
    el juez requirió su presencia como testigo the judge summoned him to appear as a witness
    fue requerido de pago he was ordered to pay
    * * *

     

    requerir ( conjugate requerir) verbo transitivo


    ‹ persona› to summon
    requerir verbo transitivo
    1 Jur (la presencia de alguien) to summon: el juez requirió la presencia del principal acusado, the judge required the primary defendant to appear in court
    2 (necesitar) to require: esta planta requiere muchos cuidados, this plant needs a lot of care
    3 (pedir) to request
    4 (exigir) to demand
    ' requerir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pedir
    - reclamar
    - demandar
    - exigir
    - llevar
    English:
    demand
    - need
    - require
    - call
    * * *
    1. [necesitar] to require;
    es un asunto que requiere mucha diplomacia it is a matter which requires a great deal of tact;
    se requieren conocimientos de francés a knowledge of French is essential
    2. [ordenar]
    requerir a alguien (para) que haga algo to demand that sb do sth
    3. Der to order;
    el juez requirió la extradición del terrorista the judge ordered the extradition of the terrorist
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( necesitar) require
    2 JUR summons
    * * *
    requerir {76} vt
    1) : to require, to call for
    2) : to summon, to send for
    * * *
    requerir vb to require

    Spanish-English dictionary > requerir

  • 5 necesitar

    v.
    1 to need.
    necesito que me lo digas I need you to tell me
    esta planta necesita que la rieguen this plant needs watering
    se necesita ser ignorante para no saber eso you'd have to be an ignoramus not to know that
    Ella necesita un medicamento She needs medication.
    2 to need to, to require to, to must.
    Ella necesita saber eso She needs to know that.
    3 to call for, to occasion, to justify.
    La situación necesita asesoría The situation calls for consultancy.
    * * *
    1 to need
    \
    'Se necesita chico' "Boy wanted"
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.

    • necesitar hacer algo — to need to do sth

    no necesitas hacerlo — you don't need to do it, you needn't do it

    • necesitar que + subjun —

    no necesito que nadie me lo recuerde — I don't need to be reminded, I don't need anyone to remind me

    2.
    VI

    • necesitar de algo — to need sth

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to need

    necesitar + inf — to need to + inf

    no necesito comprarlo hoy — I don't need to o I needn't buy it today

    2.
    necesitar vi (frml)
    * * *
    = cry for, demand, involve, necessitate, need, require, take, stand in + need of, use up.
    Ex. However, this work still cries for expansion, and it must also become more systematic.
    Ex. The other part of the picture reveals title indexes to be only crude subject indexes, which for effective use demand imagination and searching skills on the part of the user.
    Ex. Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex. Although this is generally successful, this approach does necessitate the consultation of two chapters.
    Ex. Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.
    Ex. The condition approach should require less enumeration of rules for different types of materials, and therefore should require fewer rules.
    Ex. A common standard serial interface is the RS232C which takes a 24-pin plug and is commonly used to connect many peripherals including printers and modems.
    Ex. 'At no time in history', according to Geoffrey Langley, 'did people of all types and classes stand more in need of information'.
    Ex. Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    ----
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * cuando lo necesite = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * justo lo que se necesita = just the ticket, that's the ticket!.
    * necesitar Algo desesperadamente = be in dire need (of), be in desperate need of.
    * necesitar Algo urgentemente = be in dire need (of), be in desperate need of.
    * necesitar atención = beg + attention, warrant + attention.
    * necesitar esfuerzo = take + effort.
    * necesitar gafas para leer = need + reading glasses.
    * necesitar imaginación = take + imagination.
    * necesitar reparación = be in need of repair.
    * necesitarse = it + take.
    * necesitarse desesperadamente = be desperately needed.
    * necesitar ser un genio = call for + nothing less than genius.
    * necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * necesitar urgentemente = cry out for, sorely + need.
    * no necesitar mantenimiento = maintenance-free.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * que necesita la información = information-dependent.
    * que se necesita urgentemente = sorely needed.
    * según se necesite = on demand, on request, at need, as required, pro re nata.
    * ser justo lo que se necesita = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * ser justo lo que Uno necesita = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * si se necesita = if need be.
    * tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to need

    necesitar + inf — to need to + inf

    no necesito comprarlo hoy — I don't need to o I needn't buy it today

    2.
    necesitar vi (frml)
    * * *
    = cry for, demand, involve, necessitate, need, require, take, stand in + need of, use up.

    Ex: However, this work still cries for expansion, and it must also become more systematic.

    Ex: The other part of the picture reveals title indexes to be only crude subject indexes, which for effective use demand imagination and searching skills on the part of the user.
    Ex: Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex: Although this is generally successful, this approach does necessitate the consultation of two chapters.
    Ex: Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.
    Ex: The condition approach should require less enumeration of rules for different types of materials, and therefore should require fewer rules.
    Ex: A common standard serial interface is the RS232C which takes a 24-pin plug and is commonly used to connect many peripherals including printers and modems.
    Ex: 'At no time in history', according to Geoffrey Langley, 'did people of all types and classes stand more in need of information'.
    Ex: Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    * a medida que se necesite = on demand, on request, as required.
    * cuando lo necesite = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * justo lo que se necesita = just the ticket, that's the ticket!.
    * necesitar Algo desesperadamente = be in dire need (of), be in desperate need of.
    * necesitar Algo urgentemente = be in dire need (of), be in desperate need of.
    * necesitar atención = beg + attention, warrant + attention.
    * necesitar esfuerzo = take + effort.
    * necesitar gafas para leer = need + reading glasses.
    * necesitar imaginación = take + imagination.
    * necesitar reparación = be in need of repair.
    * necesitarse = it + take.
    * necesitarse desesperadamente = be desperately needed.
    * necesitar ser un genio = call for + nothing less than genius.
    * necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * necesitar urgentemente = cry out for, sorely + need.
    * no necesitar mantenimiento = maintenance-free.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * que necesita la información = information-dependent.
    * que se necesita urgentemente = sorely needed.
    * según se necesite = on demand, on request, at need, as required, pro re nata.
    * ser justo lo que se necesita = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * ser justo lo que Uno necesita = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * si se necesita = if need be.
    * tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.

    * * *
    necesitar [A1 ]
    vt
    to need
    si necesitas algo, llámame if you need anything, call me
    se necesitan cuatro personas para levantarlo it takes four people to lift it
    estos geranios necesitan agua these geraniums need watering
    [ S ] se necesita chófer driver required
    me pidió dinero — se necesita ¿eh? ( fam); he asked me for money — what a nerve! ( colloq)
    necesitar + INF to need to + INF
    necesito verte hoy I need to see you today
    no necesito comprarlo hoy I don't need to o I don't have to buy it today, I needn't buy it today, there's no need for me to buy it today
    se necesita ser ingenuo para creerse eso ( fam); you'd have to be naive to believe that
    necesitar QUE + SUBJ:
    necesita que alguien le eche una mano she needs someone to give her a hand
    ■ necesitar
    vi
    ( frml) necesitar DE algo to need sth
    necesitamos de la cooperación de todos we need everyone's cooperation
    * * *

     

    necesitar ( conjugate necesitar) verbo transitivo
    to need;
    ( on signs) se necesita vendedora saleswoman required;

    verbo intransitivo (frml) necesitar de algo to need sth
    necesitar verbo transitivo to need
    (en anuncio) se necesita secretaria bilingüe, bilingual secretary required ➣ Ver nota en need

    ' necesitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aire
    - llevar
    - pedir
    - precisar
    - requerir
    - terminar
    - ofrecer
    English:
    checklist
    - desperately
    - do with
    - necessitate
    - need
    - require
    - take
    - want
    - bad
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to need;
    necesito llamarla cuanto antes I need to call her as soon as possible;
    necesito que me lo digas I need you to tell me;
    esta planta necesita que la rieguen this plant needs watering;
    se necesita camarero [en letrero] waiter wanted;
    se necesita ser ignorante para no saber eso you'd have to be an ignoramus not to know that
    ♦ vi
    necesitar de to need, to have need of;
    necesitamos de tu ayuda we need your help
    * * *
    v/t need;
    necesito hablarte I need to talk to you
    * * *
    1) : to need
    2) : to necessitate, to require
    necesitar de : to have need of
    * * *
    necesitar vb to need

    Spanish-English dictionary > necesitar

  • 6 volere

    1. v/t and v/i want
    vorrei... I would or I'd like...
    vorrei partire I'd like to leave
    volere bene a qualcuno ( amare) love someone
    ci vogliono dieci mesi it takes ten months
    senza volere without meaning to
    2. m will
    * * *
    volere v.tr.
    1 ( per esprimere volontà o desiderio) to want; to wish; ( nel significato di piacere, gradire) to like (costr. pers.); (al cond. pres.) would like, (al cond. pass.) would have liked: voglio andare a casa, I want to go home; vogliamo parlare col direttore, we want (o wish) to speak to the manager; non vuole vederti, he doesn't want to see you; che cosa vuoi?, what do you want?; quando vuole partire?, when does he want (o wish) to leave?; vuoi andare al cinema stasera?, do you want to go to the cinema tonight?; chi vuole, può uscire, anyone who wishes to leave may do so; voleva restare solo, he wanted to be left alone; non volevano spendere troppo, they didn't want to spend too much; ha voluto sapere tutto, he wanted to know everything; se volesse, volendo, potrebbe fare da solo, if he wanted to, he could do it by himself; fa' come vuoi, do as you like; puoi andare quando vuoi, you can go when you like; potete fare tutto quello che volete, you can do anything you like; vorrei del vino, I'd like some wine; vorremmo una casa più grande, we'd like a bigger house; vorrei vedere delle scarpe da tennis, I'd like to see some tennis shoes; vorrebbe iscriversi all'università, he would like to go to university; avrei voluto dirtelo, ma mi è mancato il coraggio, I would have liked to tell you, but I didn't dare; avrei voluto venire prima, I'd have liked to come sooner; vuole che io studi di più, he wants me to study harder; vuoi che venga con te?, do you want me to come with you?; volete che vi accompagni a casa?, do you want me to take you home?; non volevo che facessi tutto questo per me, I didn't want you to do all this for me; i genitori volevano che diventasse avvocato, his parents wanted him to become a lawyer; vorrebbe che restassimo con lei, she would like us to stay with her; avrei tanto voluto che fossi arrivato prima, I wish you had arrived sooner // anche volendo, neanche a volerlo, even if you tried (o wanted to): anche volendo, è impossibile sbagliare, you couldn't go wrong, even if you tried (o wanted to) // non volendo, senza volere, ( senza intenzione) without wishing (o wanting) to: l'ho offeso senza volerlo, I offended him without wishing (o wanting) to // volere qlcu. per, come..., to want s.o. for (o as)...: nessuno lo vorrebbe per, come socio, nobody would like him for (o as) a partner // che tu, egli ecc. lo voglia o no, whether you like it or not, whether he likes it or not etc.
    2 (per esprimere desiderio intenso, gener. irrealizzabile) to wish (con cong. se riferito al pres. o pass.; con cond. se riferito al futuro e talvolta al pres.): vorrei non averlo mai conosciuto, I wish I had never met him; vorrei averti ascoltato, I wish I had listened to you; vorrei che venisse ogni giorno, I wish he came every day; come vorrei che tu fossi con noi!, (how) I wish you were here!; vorrei, avrei voluto esserci anch'io!, I wish I were there too! (o I wish I'd been there too!); avrebbe voluto che il tempo si fermasse, he wished time could have stopped still; vorrebbe essere più giovane, he wishes he were younger; vorrei poterti credere!, I wish I could believe you!; avremmo voluto poterti stare vicino, we wish we could have been with you
    3 (per esprimere determinazione, volontà intensa) (pres. indic. e cong.) will; (pass. indic. e cong.; cond.) would; (se seguito da compl. ogg. o da che + v. al cong.) will have, would have (seguiti dal v. all'inf. senza to): voglio riuscire!, I will succeed! (o I'm determined to succeed); non voglio più tornarci!, I will never go there again!; gli hanno proibito di fumare, ma lui non vuole smettere, he's been told not to smoke, but he won't give up; avrebbe potuto farlo, ma non ha voluto, he could have done it, but he wouldn't (o but he refused to); non vollero aiutarci, they wouldn't (o they refused to) help us; non voglio scuse, I won't have any excuses; non voglio assolutamente che lui parli così, I won't have him speaking like that; voglio ( che) sappiate che..., I'll have you know that... // voleva vincere a tutti i costi, he was determined to win // il cavallo s'impennò e non volle più andare avanti, the horse reared and refused to go on // l'auto non vuole partire oggi, (fam.) the car won't start today; questo cassetto non vuole chiudersi, (fam.) this drawer won't close
    4 ( in formule di cortesia) ( nelle richieste) will, can; would, would mind; ( nelle offerte) will have, would like: vorresti aprire la finestra?, would you open (o do you mind opening o would you mind opening) the window?; vuoi passarmi quelle carte, per favore?, will (o can) you pass me those papers, please? (o would you pass me those papers?); vuoi qualcosa da mangiare?, will you have (o would you like) something to eat?; non vorresti entrare?, won't you come in?; non volete accomodarvi?, won't you sit down?; vuol essere così gentile da..., will you be so kind as to... // (comm.) vogliate informarci al più presto possibile, please let us know as soon as possible
    5 ( essere disposto a) to be* willing (to); ( essere intenzionato a) to be* going (to): gli hanno offerto il posto di direttore, ma non vuole accettare, he has been offered the directorship, but he isn't willing to (o he isn't going to) accept; non vogliono pagare una cifra così alta, they are not willing (o they are unwilling) to pay such a high price; non voglio assumermi tutta la responsabilità, I'm not going to take all the responsibility
    6 (con riferimento a una volontà superiore, nel significato di disporre, stabilire) to will: come Dio vuole, as God wills; il cielo, il destino ha voluto così, heaven, fate has willed it so // se Dio vuole, domani siamo a casa, God willing, we'll be home tomorrow // come Dio volle, arrivarono a casa, somehow they managed to get home // Dio lo voglia!, God grant it!; Dio non voglia!, God forbid!; Dio volesse che non l'avessi mai incontrato!, would to God I'd never met him! // non cade foglia che Dio non voglia, (prov.) God watches over all things
    7 ( dire, imporre, sostenere) to state, to say*: la legge vuole che..., the law states (o says) that... // la leggenda vuole che Roma fosse fondata da Romolo, legend has it that Rome was founded by Romulus // si vuole che egli fosse un grande condottiero, they say he was a great leader
    8 ( permettere) to let*, to allow: i suoi genitori non volevano che uscisse sola la sera, her parents wouldn't let her go out (o wouldn't allow her to go out) alone in the evening; se la mamma vuole, verrò con voi, I'll come with you if Mum lets me; non ha voluto che pagassi io il conto, he wouldn't let me pay (o he wouldn't allow me to pay) the bill
    9 ( esigere, pretendere) to expect, to want, to demand, to exact; ( far pagare) to want, to charge, to ask (for): vuole troppo dai suoi dipendenti, he expects (o wants o demands o exacts) too much from his employees; ma che cosa vogliono ancora da me?, what else do they expect from (o of) me?; vuole 1.600 euro per questa auto usata, he wants 1,600 euros for this second-hand car; quanto volete per vitto e alloggio?, how much do you charge for board and lodging?; quanto vogliono per quell'appartamento?, how much are they asking for that flat?; quanto ha voluto per riparare il televisore?, how much did he charge for repairing the TV set?
    10 ( aver bisogno di, richiedere) to need, to want, to require, to take*: sono piante che vogliono molte cure, they are plants that need (o want o require) a lot of care; è un verbo che vuole il congiuntivo, it's a verb that requires (o takes) the subjunctive // ti vogliono al telefono, you're wanted on the phone // ogni frutto vuole la sua stagione, (prov.) there's a time and place for everything
    11 (con v. impers., nel significato di essere prossimo, imminente, probabile) to be going (to); to look (like): vuol piovere, sembra che voglia piovere, it looks like rain (o it's going to rain); non pare che voglia rasserenarsi, it doesn't look as if it's going to clear up
    12 voler dire, to mean*: che cosa vuoi dire ( con questo)?, what do you mean (by this)?; che cosa vuol dire questa parola?, what does this word mean?; che cosa volevi dire con quell'occhiata?, what did you mean by that look?; ciò vuol dire che abbiamo sbagliato tutto, that means we got it all wrong; questo non vuol dir niente, this doesn'
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: volere o no, volere o volare (fam.), willy-nilly // non vorrei sbagliarmi, ma..., I may be wrong, but... // vorrei vedere che egli fosse d'accordo, I bet he won't agree // non volevo convincermi che..., I couldn't believe that... // qui ti voglio!, that's the rub! // voler bene, to love, to be fond of; voler male, to hate, ( serbare rancore) to bear ill will (o to bear a grudge o to hold it against s.o.); non volermene, don't bear me a grudge (o don't hold it against me) // che vuoi, che volete, cosa vuole?, what do you expect? (o what can I do?); che volete, sono ragazzi!, what do you expect, they're (only) teenagers! // te la sei voluta, you asked for it // volere è potere, where there's a will, there's a way.
    volere s.m. ( volontà) will: lo feci contro il volere di mio padre, I did it against my father's will; sia fatto il volere di Dio, God's will be done; tutto dipende dal volere di Dio, everything depends on the will of God // a mio, tuo volere, as I, you like; di mio, tuo ecc. volere, ( spontaneamente) of my own, your own etc. accord // di buon volere, readily // concordia di voleri, concurrence of wishes // i divini voleri, the Divine Will.
    * * *
    1. [vo'lere]
    vb irreg vt (nei tempi composti prende l'ausiliare del verbo che accompagna)
    1) (gen) to want
    2)

    (desiderare) vorrei del pane — I would like some bread

    vorrei farlo/che tu lo facessi — I would like to do it/you to do it

    mi vorrebbero vedere sposato — they would like to see me married, they would like me to marry

    se volete, possiamo partire subito — if you like o want, we can leave right away

    3)

    (con funzione di richiesta o offerta) vuole o vorrebbe essere così gentile da...? — would you be so kind as to...?

    prendine quanto vuoi — help yourself, take as many (o much) as you like

    vuoi che io faccia qualcosa? — would you like me to do something?, shall I do something?

    ma vuoi star zitto! — oh, do be quiet!

    4)

    (consentire) se la padrona di casa vuole, ti posso ospitare — if my landlady agrees I can put you up

    ho chiesto di parlargli, ma non ha voluto ricevermi — I asked to have a word with him but he wouldn't see me

    5) (aspettarsi) to want, expect, (richiedere) to want, require, demand

    che cosa vuoi da me? — what do you want from me?, what do you expect of me?

    la tradizione vuole che... — custom requires that...

    vuole troppo dai suoi studenti — he expects too much of his students

    il verbo transitivo vuole il complemento oggetto — transitive verbs require a direct object

    6)

    volerne a qn — to have sth against sb, have a grudge against sb, bear sb a grudge

    7)

    voler dire (che)... — (significare) to mean (that)...

    se non puoi oggi vorrà dire che ci vediamo domani — if you can't make it today, I'll see you tomorrow

    voglio dire... — (per correggersi) I mean...

    8) (ritenere) to think

    la leggenda vuole che... — legend has it that...

    9)

    volerci — (essere necessario: materiale, attenzione) to need, (tempo) to take

    ci vuol ben altro per farmi arrabbiare — it'll take a lot more than that to make me angry

    quanto ci vuole per andare da Roma a Firenze? — to how long does it take to go from Rome to Florence?

    è quel che ci vuole — it's just what is needed

    10)

    (fraseologia) voler bene a qn — (amore) to love sb, (affetto) to be fond of sb, like sb very much

    volesse il cielo che... — God grant that...

    se Dio vuole — God willing

    voler male a qn — to dislike sb

    qui ti voglio — that's the problem

    non vorrei sbagliarmi, ma... — I may be wrong, but...

    senza volere — unwittingly, without meaning to, unintentionally

    chi troppo vuole nulla stringe — (Proverbio) don't ask for too much or you may come away empty-handed

    voglio vedere se rifiuta — I bet she doesn't refuse

    vorrei proprio vedere! — I'm not at all surprised!, that doesn't surprise me in the slightest!

    vuoi... vuoi... — either... or...

    2. vr (volersi)

    volersi bene — (amore) to love each other, (affetto) to be fond of o like each other

    3. sm
    will, wish(es)

    contro il volere di — against the wishes of

    per volere del padre — in obedience to his father's will o wishes

    * * *
    I 1. [vo'lere]
    verbo modale
    1) (intendere) to want; (desiderare) would like; (più forte) to wish

    vuole fare l'astronauta — he wants o would like to be an astronaut

    vorrebbero andare a casa — they wish o would like to go home

    avrei voluto vedere te! — colloq. I'd like to have seen you!

    3) (in frasi interrogative, con valore di imperativo)

    vuoi chiudere quella porta? — close that door, will you?

    2.
    verbo transitivo

    vuoi proprio che te lo dica? il tuo amico è un imbroglione — I hate to say it, but your friend is a crook

    vorrei un chilo di pere, un bicchier d'acqua — I'd like a kilo of pears, a glass of water

    volevo una birra — colloq. I'd like a beer

    "cosa facciamo questa sera?" - "quello che vuoi tu" — "what shall we do tonight?" - "whatever you like"

    cos'altro vogliono da noi? — what else o more do they want of us?

    non posso venire, mia madre non vuole — I can't come, my mother doesn't want me to

    10) (necessitare) to require, to need

    come vuole la leggenda, la tradizione — as legend, tradition has it

    13) volerci (essere necessario) to take*, to be* needed, to be* required

    ci vuole pazienza — it takes o you need patience

    con quel vestito ci vorrebbe un foulard rosso — (addirsi) a red scarf would go well with that dress

    14) volerne (gradire) to want

    volerne a qcn. — (serbare rancore) to bear BE o hold AE a grudge against sb., to bear sb. ill will

    3.
    verbo pronominale volersi

    te la sei voluta — (cercarsela) you brought it on yourself, you asked for it

    ••

    voler bene a qcn. — to love sb.

    volere male a qcn. — (nutrire rancore) to bear ill will to sb.; (nutrire odio) to hate sb.

    volere la pelle di qcn. o volere morto qcn. to want sb. dead; vuoi... vuoi either... or; vuoi vedere che telefona? do you want to bet he's going to call? anche volendo non ce l'avrei mai fatta even had I wanted to, I would never have made it; volendo potremmo vederci domani we could meet tomorrow if we wanted; puoi gridare quanto vuoi, tanto ci vado ugualmente! you can shout until you're blue in the face, I'm going anyway! se Dio vuole Dio volendo God willing; senza volerlo [urtare, rivelare] by accident, unintentionally; cosa vuoi (che ti dica),... what can o shall I say,...; cosa vuoi, sono bambini! what do you expect, they're children! qui ti voglio! let's see what you can do! (è questo il problema) that's just it o the trouble! ce n'è voluto! it took some doing! ( per fare to do); è proprio quello che ci vuole! that's just the job o the (very) thing! ci vuol (ben) altro che... it takes more than...; ci vuole un bel coraggio! it really takes some cheek (a to); ci voleva anche questa! this is just too much! as if we didn't have enough problems! that's all we needed! that's done it! non ci vuole molto a capirlo spreg. it doesn't take much understanding; che ci vuole? it's not all that difficult! quando ci vuole, ci vuole = sometimes you've just got to; volere è potere — prov. where there's a will there's a way

    II [vo'lere]
    sostantivo maschile will
    * * *
    volere2
    /vo'lere/
    sostantivo m.
    will; contro il proprio volere against one's will.
    ————————
    volere1
    /vo'lere/ [100]
     1 (intendere) to want; (desiderare) would like; (più forte) to wish; vuole andare a sciare she wants to go skiing; vuole fare l'astronauta he wants o would like to be an astronaut; vorrebbero andare a casa they wish o would like to go home; volevo dirvi che I wanted to tell you that; avrei voluto vedere te! colloq. I'd like to have seen you! non vorrei disturbarla I don't want to put you out; vorrei avere un milione di dollari I wish I had a million dollars
     2 (in offerte o richieste cortesi) vuoi bere qualcosa? would you like to have a drink? vorrei parlarle in privato I'd like to speak to you in private; vuoi venire con noi? will you come with us?
     3 (in frasi interrogative, con valore di imperativo) vuoi stare zitto? will you shut up! vuoi chiudere quella porta? close that door, will you?
     5 voler dire (significare) to mean*; cosa vuoi dire? what do you mean? che cosa vuol dire questa parola? what does this word mean? non vorrai dire che è medico? you don't mean to tell me he's a doctor?
     1 (essere risoluto a ottenere) to want; voglio una relazione dettagliata per domani mattina I want a detailed report by tomorrow morning; vuole la tua felicità she wants you to be happy; vuole che tutto sia finito per le 8 she wants everything finished by 8 o'clock; vuoi proprio che te lo dica? il tuo amico è un imbroglione I hate to say it, but your friend is a crook; che tu lo voglia o no whether you like it or not
     2 (desiderare) vorrei una macchina I'd like to have a car; vorrei che fosse qui I wish he were here
     3 (con complemento predicativo) suo padre lo vuole dottore his father wants him to become a doctor
     4 (in offerte o richieste cortesi) vorrei un chilo di pere, un bicchier d'acqua I'd like a kilo of pears, a glass of water; volevo una birra colloq. I'd like a beer; vuoi qualcosa da bere? would you like (to have) a drink?
     5 (preferire) vieni quando vuoi come whenever you want o like; "cosa facciamo questa sera?" - "quello che vuoi tu" "what shall we do tonight?" - "whatever you like"; vorrei che tu non tornassi a casa da sola I'd rather you didn't come home alone
     6 (pretendere) come vuoi che ti creda? how could I believe you? cosa vuoi di più? what more could you ask (for)? cos'altro vogliono da noi? what else o more do they want of us?
     7 (richiedere) quanto vuole per la bicicletta? how much is she asking for her bicycle? quanto ha voluto per riparare la lavastoviglie? how much did he charge for repairing the dishwasher?
     8 (cercare) il capo ti vuole nel suo ufficio the boss wants you in his office; ti vogliono al telefono you're wanted on the phone
     9 (permettere) non posso venire, mia madre non vuole I can't come, my mother doesn't want me to
     10 (necessitare) to require, to need; queste piante vogliono un clima umido these plants require o need a humid climate; questo verbo vuole il congiuntivo this verb requires o takes the subjunctive
     11 (prescrivere) la leggenda vuole che legend has it that; come vuole la leggenda, la tradizione as legend, tradition has it
     12 (ritenere) alcuni vogliono che si trattasse di un complotto some people believe it was a conspiracy; c'è chi lo vuole innocente some people think he is innocent
     13 volerci (essere necessario) to take*, to be* needed, to be* required; ci vuole pazienza it takes o you need patience; ci vorrebbe un uomo come lui we need a man like him; ci vorrebbe una persona robusta per fare quello it would take a strong person to do that; ci vuole un po' di pioggia some rain is necessary; quanto zucchero ci vuole per la torta? how much sugar is needed for the cake? volerci molto (tempo) to take long; quanto ci vuole per arrivare a Venezia? how long does it take to get to Venice? ci vogliono sei ore it takes six hours; ci vogliono 500 euro per il volo you'll need 500 euros for the flight; con quel vestito ci vorrebbe un foulard rosso (addirsi) a red scarf would go well with that dress; con la carne ci vuole il vino rosso red wine should be drunk with meat
     14 volerne (gradire) to want; non ne voglio più I don't want any more; prendine quanto ne vuoi take as much as you please o want; volerne a qcn. (serbare rancore) to bear BE o hold AE a grudge against sb., to bear sb. ill will
    III volersi verbo pronominale
     1 (reciprocamente) - rsi bene to love (each other); - rsi male to hate each other
     2 volersela te la sei voluta (cercarsela) you brought it on yourself, you asked for it
    come vuoi (tu) as you wish o like; voler bene a qcn. to love sb.; volere male a qcn. (nutrire rancore) to bear ill will to sb.; (nutrire odio) to hate sb.; volere la pelle di qcn. o volere morto qcn. to want sb. dead; vuoi... vuoi either... or; vuoi vedere che telefona? do you want to bet he's going to call? anche volendo non ce l'avrei mai fatta even had I wanted to, I would never have made it; volendo potremmo vederci domani we could meet tomorrow if we wanted; puoi gridare quanto vuoi, tanto ci vado ugualmente! you can shout until you're blue in the face, I'm going anyway! se Dio vuole, Dio volendo God willing; senza volerlo [urtare, rivelare] by accident, unintentionally; cosa vuoi (che ti dica),... what can o shall I say,...; cosa vuoi, sono bambini! what do you expect, they're children! qui ti voglio! let's see what you can do! (è questo il problema) that's just it o the trouble! ce n'è voluto! it took some doing! ( per fare to do); è proprio quello che ci vuole! that's just the job o the (very) thing! ci vuol (ben) altro che... it takes more than...; ci vuole un bel coraggio! it really takes some cheek (a to); ci voleva anche questa! this is just too much! as if we didn't have enough problems! that's all we needed! that's done it! non ci vuole molto a capirlo spreg. it doesn't take much understanding; che ci vuole? it's not all that difficult! quando ci vuole, ci vuole = sometimes you've just got to; volere è potere prov. where there's a will there's a way.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > volere

  • 7 bedürfen

    v/i (unreg.) geh.
    1. unpers.: es bedarf (+ Gen) ...... is (are) required; (in Anspruch nehmen) it takes...; es bedurfte all seiner Kraft it took all his strength; es bedurfte keiner Beweise no evidence was necessary; das bedarf keiner ( weiteren) Erklärung it needs no (further) explanation; es bedarf nur eines Wortes ( von Ihnen) you’ve just got to say the word; es hätte nur eines Wortes ( von Ihnen) bedurft you should have said so, it would have taken no more than a word from you
    2. mit Objekt: jemandes / einer Sache bedürfen need s.o. / s.th.; der Patient bedarf noch der Schonung the patient still needs to take things easy
    * * *
    to need; to require
    * * *
    be|dụ̈r|fen ptp bedu\#rft
    vi irreg +gen (geh)
    to need, to require

    das bedarf keiner weiteren Erklärung — there's no need for any further explanation

    es hätte nur eines Wortes bedurft, um... — it would only have taken a word to...

    ohne dass es eines Hinweises bedurft hätte,... — without having to be asked...

    * * *
    be·dür·fen
    <bedurfte, bedurft>
    ▪ einer S. gen \bedürfen to require [or need] sth
    es bedarf keiner weiteren Erklärung no further explanation is necessary
    es hätte nur eines Lächelns bedurft, um ihn zu überzeugen it would only have taken a smile to convince him
    sein Benehmen bedarf einer Entschuldigung his behaviour demands [or requires] an apology
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb (geh.)

    jemandes/einer Sache bedürfen — require or need somebody/something

    * * *
    bedürfen v/i (irr) geh
    1. unpers:
    es bedarf (+gen)
    … … is (are) required; (in Anspruch nehmen) it takes …;
    es bedurfte all seiner Kraft it took all his strength;
    es bedurfte keiner Beweise no evidence was necessary;
    das bedarf keiner (weiteren) Erklärung it needs no (further) explanation;
    es bedarf nur eines Wortes (von Ihnen) you’ve just got to say the word;
    es hätte nur eines Wortes (von Ihnen) bedurft you should have said so, it would have taken no more than a word from you
    jemandes/einer Sache bedürfen need sb/sth;
    der Patient bedarf noch der Schonung the patient still needs to take things easy
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb (geh.)

    jemandes/einer Sache bedürfen — require or need somebody/something

    * * *
    v.
    to need v.
    to require v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bedürfen

  • 8 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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  • 9 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 10 volo

    1.
    vŏlo (2 d pers. sing. vis, orig. veis, Prisc. 9, 1, 6, p. 847 P.; 1 st pers. plur. volumus, but volimus, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 89 Speng.; 3 d pers. sing. volt, and 2 d pers. plur. voltis always in ante-class. writers;

    also volt,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 42; 2, 5, 49, § 128; id. Sest. 42, 90; id. Phil. 8, 9, 26; id. Par. 5, 1, 34; id. Rep. 3, 33, 45:

    voltis,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 53, § 122; 2, 3, 94, § 219; 2, 5, 5, § 11; 2, 3, 89, § 208; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 33; id. Sest. 30, 64; id. Par. 1, 2, 11 et saep. — Pres. subj. velim, but sometimes volim, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 44 Ritschl; cf. Prisc. 9, 1, 8, p. 848 P.;

    so volint,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 65 Ritschl), velle, volui ( part. fut. voliturus, Serv. ad Verg. A. 5, 712; contr. forms, vin for visne, freq. in Plaut. and Ter., also Hor. S. 1, 9, 69; Pers. 6, 63:

    sis for si vis,

    Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 70; id. Merc. 4, 4, 37; id. Pers. 3, 3, 8; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 38; Cic. Tusc. 2, 18, 42; id. Rosc. Am. 16, 48; id. Mil. 22, 60; Liv. 34, 32, 20:

    sultis for si voltis, only ante-class.,

    Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. As. prol. 1; id. Capt. 2, 3, 96; 3, 5, 9; 4, 4, 11), v. irreg. a. [Sanscr. var-; Gr. bol-, boulomai; cf. the strengthened root Wel- in eeldomai, elpomai; Germ. wollen; Engl. will], expressing any exercise of volition, and corresponding, in most cases, to the Germ. wollen; in Engl. mostly rendered, to wish, want, intend, purpose, propose, be willing, consent, mean, will, and, impersonally, it is my will, purpose, intention, plan, policy (syn.: cupio, opto; but volo properly implies a purpose).
    I.
    In gen.
    A.
    With object-infinitive.
    1.
    With pres. inf.
    a.
    To wish.
    (α).
    Exire ex urbe priusquam luciscat volo, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 35:

    potare ego hodie tecum volo,

    id. Aul. 3, 6, 33:

    ego quoque volo esse liber: nequiquam volo,

    id. Trin. 2, 4, 39; so id. ib. 2, 4, 164:

    ait rem seriam agere velle mecum,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8:

    natus enim debet quicunque est velle manere In vita,

    Lucr. 5, 177:

    video te alte spectare et velle in caelum migrare,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 34, 82:

    quid poetae? Nonne post mortem nobilitari volunt?

    id. ib. 1, 15, 34:

    si innocentes existimari volumus,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28:

    quoniam opinionis meae voluistis esse participes,

    id. de Or. 1, 37, 172:

    quod eas quoque nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

    si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat,

    id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:

    dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse,

    Sall. J. 31, 23:

    si haec relinquere voltis,

    id. C. 58, 15:

    priusquam liberi estis, dominari jam in adversarios vultis,

    Liv. 3, 53, 7:

    si quis vestrum suos invisere volt, commeatum do,

    id. 21, 21, 5:

    non enim vincere tantum noluit, sed vinci voluit,

    id. 2, 59, 2:

    suspitionem Caesar quibusdam reliquit, neque voluisse se diutius vivere, neque curasse,

    Suet. Caes. 85:

    Eutrapelus cuicunque nocere volebat, Vestimenta dabat pretiosa,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 31.—
    (β).
    Idiomatically: quid arbitramini Rheginos merere velle ut ab iis marmorea illa Venus auferatur? what do you think the Rhegini would take for, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 135.—
    (γ).
    Transf., of things: fabula quae posci vult et spectata reponi, a comedy which wishes (i. e. is meant) to be in demand, etc., Hor. A. P. 190:

    neque enim aut hiare semper vocalibus aut destitui temporibus volunt sermo atque epistula,

    Quint. 9, 4, 20; cf. id. 8, prooem. 23.—
    b.
    Of the wishes of those that have a right to command, the gods, masters, parents, commanders, etc., I want, wish, will, am resolved, it is my will:

    in acdibus quid tibi meis erat negoti...? Volo scire,

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 14; 3, 2, 17; 3, 2, 18; 3, 6, 27; id. Curc. 4, 3, 11; id. Ep. 3, 4, 74; id. Mil. 2, 3, 74; 3, 1, 17; id. Stich. 1, 2, 56; Ter. And. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 17:

    maxima voce clamat populus, neque se uni, nec paucis velle parere,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 35, 55:

    consuesse deos immortalis, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

    hic experiri vim virtutemque volo,

    Liv. 23, 45, 9.—
    c.
    = in animo habere, to intend, purpose, mean, design:

    ac volui inicere tragulam in nostrum senem,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 4, 14:

    eadem quae illis voluisti facere tu, faciunt tibi,

    id. Mil. 3, 1, 11; so id. Most. 2, 2, 5:

    puerumque clam voluit exstinguere,

    Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 23:

    necare candem voluit,

    Cic. Cael. 13, 31: quid enim ad illum qui te captare vult, utrum [p. 2005] tacentem te irretiat an loquentem? id. Ac. 2, 29, 94:

    hostis hostem occidere volui,

    Liv. 2, 12, 9; 7, 34, 11: volui interdiu eum... occidere; volui, cum ad cenam invitavi, veneno scilicet tollere;

    volui... ferro interficere (ironically),

    id. 40, 13, 2:

    tuum crimen erit, hospitem occidere voluisse,

    the intention to kill your guest-friend, Val. Max. 5, 1, 3 fin.; 6, 1, 8:

    non enim vult mori, sed invidiam filio facere,

    Quint. 9, 2, 85.—

    Pregn., opp. optare: non vult mori qui optat,

    Sen. Ep. 117, 24:

    sed eo die is, cui dare volueram (epistulam), non est profectus,

    Cic. Att. 9, 7, 1:

    cum de senectute vellem aliquid scribere,

    id. Sen. 1, 2:

    ego te volui castigare, tu mihi accussatrix ades,

    Plaut. As. 3, 1, 10:

    bonus volo jam ex hoc die esse,

    id. Pers. 4, 3, 10:

    ego jam a principio amici filiam, Ita ut aequom fuerat, volui uxorem ducere,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 46:

    at etiam eo negotio M. Catonis splendorem maculare voluerunt,

    it was their purpose, Cic. Sest. 28, 60:

    eum (tumulum) non tam capere sine certamine volebat, quam causam certaminis cum Minucio contrahere,

    his plan was, Liv. 22, 28, 4.—Of things:

    cum lex venditionibus occurrere voluit,

    when it was the purpose of the law, Dig. 46, 1, 46: sed quid ea drachuma facere vis? Ca. Restim volo Mihi emere... qui me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87: Ch. Revorsionem ad terram faciunt vesperi. Ni. Aurum hercle auferre voluere, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 63:

    si iis qui haec omnia flamma ac ferro delere voluerunt... bellum indixi, etc.,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 10, 24:

    (plebem) per caedem senatus vacuam rem publicam tradere Hannibali velle,

    Liv. 23, 2, 7:

    rem Nolanam in jus dicionemque dare voluerat Poeno,

    id. 23, 15, 9: qui (majores nostri) tanta cura Siculos tueri ac retinere voluerunt ut, etc., whose policy it was to protect, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 14:

    ut qui a principio mitis omnibus Italicis praeter Romanos videri vellet, etc.,

    Liv. 23, 15, 4: idem istuc, si in vilitate largiri voluisses, derisum tuum beneficium esset, if you had offered to grant the same thing during low prices, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215.—
    d.
    = studere, conari, to try, endeavor, attempt:

    quas (i. e. magnas res) qui impedire vult, is et infirmus est mobilisque natura, et, etc.,

    Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

    nam si quando id (exordium) primum invenire volui, nullum mihi occurrit, nisi aut exile, aut, etc.,

    id. Or. 2, 77, 315:

    de Antonio dico, numquam illum... nonnullorum de ipso suspitionem infitiando tollere voluisse,

    that he never attempted to remove, id. Sest. 3, 8; id. Div. 1, 18, 35:

    audes Fatidicum fallere velle deum?

    do you dare attempt? Ov. F. 2, 262.—
    e.
    To mean, of actions and expressions:

    hic respondere voluit, non lacessere,

    the latter meant to answer, not to provoke, Ter. Phorm. prol. 19:

    non te judices urbi sed carceri reservarunt, neque to retinere in civitate, sed exilio privare voluerunt,

    Cic. Att. 1, 16, 9.—So, volo dicere, I mean (lit. I intend to say):

    quid aliud volui dicere?

    Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 51:

    volo autem dicere, illud homini longe optimum esse quod ipsum sit optandum per se,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 20, 46.—Often with the acc. illud or id, as a correction: Tr. Specta quam arcte dormiunt. Th. Dormiunt? Tr. Illut quidem ut conivent volui dicere, I mean how they nod, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 145: Py. Quid? bracchium? Ar. Illud dicere volui femur, id. Mil. 1, 1, 27:

    adduxi volui dicere,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 21; id. Am. 1, 1, 233; 1, 1, 235; id. Cas. 2, 6, 14; id. Mil. 3, 2, 7; id. Ps. 3, 2, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 9.—
    f.
    To be going to: haec argumenta ego aedificiis dixi; nunc etiam volo docere ut homines aedium esse similes arbitremini, now I am going to show how, etc., Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 37: quando bene gessi rem, volo hic in fano supplicare, I am going to worship here, etc., id. Curc. 4, 2, 41:

    nunc quod relicuom restat volo persolvere,

    id. Cist. 1, 3, 40:

    sustine hoc, Penicule, exuvias facere quas vovi volo,

    id. Men. 1, 3, 13:

    sinite me prospectare ne uspiam insidiae sint, consilium quod habere volumus,

    id. Mil. 3, 1, 3; id. As. 2, 2, 113; id. Cas. 4, 2, 3; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 61:

    si Prometheus, cum mortalibus ignem dividere vellet, ipse a vicinis carbunculos conrogaret, ridiculus videretur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9:

    ait se velle de illis HS. LXXX. cognoscere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 56:

    hinc se recipere cum vellent, rursus illi ex loco superiore nostros premebant,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 45. —
    g.
    To be about to, on the point of: quom mittere signum Volt, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 88 Vahl.):

    quotiens ire volo foras, retines me, rogitas quo ego eam,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 5:

    quae sese in ignem inicere voluit, prohibui,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 113:

    si scires aspidem latere uspiam, et velle aliquem imprudentem super eam adsidere,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 18, 59; id. Div. 1, 52, 118:

    quod cum facere vellent, intervenit M. Manilius,

    id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:

    qui cum opem ferre vellet, nuntiatum sibi esse aliam classem ad Aegates insulas stare,

    Liv. 22, 56, 7:

    at Libys obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, In spatium resilire manus breve vidit,

    Ov. M. 3, 676; 1, 635:

    P. Claudius cum proelium navale committere vellet,

    Val. Max. 1, 4, 3.—
    h.
    Will, and in oblique discourse and questions would, the auxiliaries of the future and potential: animum advortite: Comediai nomen dari vobis volo, I will give you, etc., Plaut. Cas. prol. 30:

    sed, nisi molestum est, nomen dare vobis volo comediai,

    id. Poen. prol. 50:

    vos ite intro. Interea ego ex hac statua verberea volo erogitare... quid sit factum,

    id. Capt. 5, 1, 30:

    i tu atque arcessi illam: ego intus quod facto est opus volo adcurare,

    id. Cas. 3, 3, 35; id. Cist. 1, 1, 113; id. Most. 1, 1, 63; id. Poen. 2, 44; id. Pers. 1, 3, 85; id. Rud. 1, 2, 33: cum vero (gemitus) nihil imminuat doloris, cur frustra turpes esse volumus? why will ( would) we be disgraceful to no purpose? Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57:

    illa enim (ars) te, verum si loqui volumus, ornaverat,

    id. ib. 1, 47, 112:

    ergo, si vere aestimare volumus, etc.,

    Val. Max. 7, 5, 6:

    si vere aestimare Macedonas, qui tunc erant, volumus,

    Curt. 4, 16, 33:

    ejus me compotem facere potestis, si meminisse vultis, etc.,

    Liv. 7, 40, 5:

    visne igitur, dum dies ista venit... interea tu ipse congredi mecum ut, etc....?

    id. 8, 7, 7:

    volo tibi Chrysippi quoque distinctionem indicare,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 14: vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponere silvis? will you prefer, etc., Hor. S. 2, 6, 92; cf. velim and vellem, would, II. A. 2.—
    k.
    Sometimes volui = mihi placuit, I resolved, concluded (generally, in this meaning, followed by an infinitive clause, v. I. B. 4.):

    uti tamen tuo consilio volui,

    still I concluded to follow your advice, Cic. Att. 8, 3, 1.—
    1.
    To be willing, ready, to consent, like to do something: si sine bello velint rapta... tradere... se exercitum domum reducturum, if they were willing, would consent to, would deliver, etc., Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 52:

    is dare volt, is se aliquid posci,

    likes to give, id. As. 1, 3, 29:

    hoc dixit, si hoc de cella concederetur, velle Siculos senatui polliceri frumentum in cellam gratis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 87, § 200:

    ei laxiorem daturos, si venire ad causam dicendam vellet,

    Liv. 39, 17, 2; 5, 36, 4: nemo invenitur qui pecuniam suam dividere velit. Sen. Brev. Vit. 3, 1:

    plerique concessam sibi sub condicione vitam si militare adversus eum vellent, recusarunt,

    Suet. Caes. 68:

    dedere etiam se volebant, si toleranda viris imperarentur,

    Flor. 1, 33 (2, 18), 12.—So with negatives, to be not willing, not to suffer, not to like, not to allow, refuse:

    heri nemo voluit Sostratam intro admittere,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 49:

    cum alter verum audire non vult,

    Cic. Lael. 26, 98: a proximis quisque minime anteiri vult, likes least to be surpassed, etc., Liv. 6, 34, 7:

    nihil ex his praeter... accipere voluit,

    refused to accept, Val. Max. 4, 3, 4.—
    m.
    To do something voluntarily or intentionally: volo facere = mea voluntate or sponte facio: si voluit accusare, pietati tribuo;

    si jussus est, necessitati,

    if he accused of his own free will, I ascribe it to his filial love, Cic. Cael. 1, 2:

    utrum statuas voluerint tibi statuere, an coacti sint,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 65, § 157:

    de risu quinque sunt quae quaerantur... sitne oratoris risum velle permovere,

    on purpose, id. Or. 2, 58, 235:

    laedere numquam velimus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 28.—So, non velle with inf., to do something unwillingly, with reluctance:

    vivere noluit qui mori non vult,

    who dies with reluctance, Sen. Ep. 30, 10.—
    n.
    To be of opinion, think, mean, pretend (rare with inf.; usu. with acc. and inf.; v. B. 8.):

    haec tibi scripsi ut isto ipso in genere in quo aliquid posse vis, te nihil esse cognosceres,

    in which you imagine you have some influence, Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:

    in hoc homo luteus etiam callidus ac veterator esse vult, quod ita scribit, etc.,

    pretends, means to be, id. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 35: sed idem Aelius Stoicus esse voluit, orator autem nec studuit um quam, nec fuit, id. Brut. 56, 206:

    Pythago. ras, qui etiam ipse augur esse vellet,

    id. Div. 1, 3, 5.—
    o.
    To like, have no objection to, approve of (cf. E. 1. sq.):

    magis eum delectat qui se ait philosophari velle sed paucis: nam omnino haud placere,

    that he liked, had no objection to philosophizing, Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; v. also II. A.—
    2.
    With pres. inf. understood.
    a.
    Supplied from a preceding or subsequent clause.
    (α).
    To wish, it is his will, etc. (cf. 1. a. and b. supra):

    nunc bene vivo et fortunate atque ut volo, i. e. vivere,

    as I wish, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 111: quod diu vivendo multa quae non volt (i. e. videre) videt, Caecil. ap. Cic. Sen. 8, 25:

    proinde licet quotvis vivendo condere saecla,

    Lucr. 3, 1090:

    nec tantum proficiebam quantum volebam,

    Cic. Att. 1, 17, 1:

    tot autem rationes attulit, ut velle (i. e. persuadere) ceteris, sibi certe persuasisse videatur,

    id. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:

    sed liceret, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 81:

    quo praesidio senatus libere quae vellet decernere auderet,

    id. B. C. 1, 2.—Of things:

    neque chorda sonum reddit quem vult manus et mens,

    Hor. A. P. 348.—
    (β).
    To choose, be pleased (freq.):

    tum mihi faciat quod volt magnus Juppiter,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 50:

    id repetundi copia est, quando velis,

    id. Trin. 5, 2, 7:

    habuit aurum quamdiu voluit,

    Cic. Cael. 13, 31:

    rapiebat et asportabat quantum a quoque volebat Apronius,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 29:

    provincias quas vellet, quibus vellet, venderet?

    id. Sest. 39, 84:

    quotiens ille tibi potestatem facturus sit ut eligas utrum velis,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

    daret utrum vellet subclamatum est,

    Liv. 21, 18, 14:

    senatus consultum factum est ut plebes praeficeret quaestioni quem vellet,

    id. 4, 51, 2:

    saxi materiaeque caedendae unde quisque vellet jus factum,

    id. 5, 55, 3; cf. id. 2, 13, 9; 5, 46, 10; 6, 25, 5; 22, 10, 23; 23, 6, 2; 23, 15, 15; 23, 45, 10; 23, 47, 2;

    26, 21, 11: vicem suam conquestus, quod sibi soli non liceret amicis, quatenus vellet, irasci,

    Suet. Aug. 66:

    at tu quantum vis tolle,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 16.—
    (γ).
    To intend, it is my purpose, etc. (v. 1. c. supra):

    sine me pervenire quo volo,

    let me come to my point, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 44:

    scripsi igitur Aristotelio more, quemadmodum quidem volui, tres libros... de Oratore,

    as I intended, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

    ut meliore condicione quam qua ipse vult imitetur homines eos qui, etc.,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 25:

    ego istos posse vincere scio, velle ne scirem ipsi fecerunt,

    Liv. 2, 45, 12. —
    (δ).
    To be willing, to consent, I will (v. 1. h. and l. supra): tu eum orato... St. Sane volo, yes, I will, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 57:

    jube me vinciri. Volo, dum istic itidem vinciatur,

    id. Capt. 3, 4, 75:

    patri dic velle (i. e. uxorem ducere),

    that you consent, are willing, Ter. And. 2, 3, 20 (cf.: si vis, II. A. 2, and sis, supra init.).—
    (ε).
    To do something voluntarily (v. 1. m. supra):

    tu selige tantum, Me quoque velle velis, anne coactus amem,

    Ov. Am. 3, 11, 50.—
    b.
    With ellipsis of inf.
    (α).
    Volo, with a designation of place, = ire volo:

    nos in Formiano morabamur, quo citius audiremus: deinde Arpinum volebamus,

    I intended to go to Arpinum, Cic. Att. 9, 1, 3:

    volo mensi Quinctili in Graeciam,

    id. ib. 14, 7, 2:

    hactenus Vitellius voluerat (i. e. procedere),

    Tac. A. 12, 42 fin. —
    (β).
    With other omissions, supplied from context: volo Dolabellae valde desideranti, non reperio quid (i. e. to dedicate some writing to him), Cic. Att. 13, 13, 2.—
    (γ).
    In mal. part., Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 7; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 16; 2. 19, 2; Prop. 1, 13, 36.—
    3.
    With perfect infinitive active (rare).
    a.
    In negative imperative sentences dependent on ne velis, ne velit (in oblique discourse also ne vellet), where ne velis has the force of noli. The perfect infinitive emphatically represents the action as completed (ante-class. and poet.).
    (α).
    In ancient ordinances of the Senate and of the higher officers (not in laws proper): NEIQVIS EORVM BACANAL HABVISE VELET... BACAS VIR NEQVIS ADIESE VELET CEIVIS ROMANVS... NEVE PECVNIAM QVISQVAM EORVM COMOINEM HABVISE VELET... NEVE... QVIQVAM FECISE VELET. NEVE INTER SED CONIOVRASE, NEVE COMVOVISE NEVE CONSPONDISE, etc., S. C. de Bacch. 4-13 ap. Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172.—So, in quoting such ordinances: per totam Italiam edicta mitti ne quis qui Bacchis initiatus esset, coisse aut convenisse causa sacrorum velit. [p. 2006] neu quid talis rei divinae fecisse, Liv. 39, 14, 8:

    edixerunt ne quis quid fugae causa vendidisse neve emisse vellet,

    id. 39, 17, 3. —
    (β).
    In imitation of official edicts: (vilicus) ne quid emisse velit insciente domino, neu quid domino celasse velit, the overseer must not buy any thing, etc., Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

    interdico, ne extulisse extra aedis puerum usquam velis,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 48:

    oscula praecipue nulla dedisse velis (= noli dare),

    Ov. Am. 1, 4, 38:

    ne quis humasse velit Ajacem, Atride, vetas? Cur?

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 187.—
    b.
    In affirmative sentences, implying command (in any mood or tense; mostly poet.): neminem nota strenui aut ignavi militis notasse volui, I have decided to mark no one, etc., Liv. 24, 16, 11: quia pepercisse vobis volunt, committere vos cur pereatis non patiuntur, because they have decided to spare you, etc., id. 32, 21, 33:

    sunt delicta tamen quibus ignovisse velimus (= volumus),

    which should be pardoned, Hor. A. P. 347.—
    c.
    To represent the will as referring to a completed action.
    (α).
    In optative sentences with vellem or velim, v. II. B. 5. b. a, and II. C. 1. b.—
    (β).
    In other sentences ( poet. and post-class.): ex omnibus praediis ex quibus non hac mente recedimus ut omisisse possessionem velimus, with the will to abandon (omittere would denote the purpose to give up at some future time), Dig. 43, 16, 1, § 25; so,

    an erit qui velle recuset Os populi meruisse?

    Pers. 1, 41:

    qui me volet incurvasse querela,

    id. 1, 91.
    B.
    With acc. and inf.
    1.
    To wish (v. A. 1. a.).
    a.
    With a different subject: hoc volo scire te: Perditus sum miser, I wish you to know, etc., Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 46:

    deos volo consilia vostra vobis recte vortere,

    id. Trin. 5, 2, 31:

    emere oportet quem tibi oboedire velis,

    id. Pers. 2, 4, 2:

    scin' quid nunc te facere volo?

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 85:

    si perpetuam vis esse adfinitatem hanc,

    id. Hec. 2, 2, 10:

    consul ille egit eas res quarum me participem esse voluit,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 17, 41:

    vim volumus exstingui: jus valeat necesse est,

    id. Sest. 42, 92:

    nec mihi hunc errorem extorqueri volo,

    id. Sen. 23, 85:

    hoc te scire volui,

    id. Att. 7, 18, 4:

    harum causarum fuit justissima quod Germanos suis quoque rebus timere voluit,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 16:

    ut equites qui salvam esse rempublicam vellent ex equis desilirent,

    Liv. 4, 38, 2:

    si me vivere vis recteque videre valentem,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 3:

    si vis me flere, dolendum est Primum ipsi tibi,

    id. A. P. 102.—With pass. inf. impers.:

    regnari tamen omnes volebant,

    that there should be a king, Liv. 1, 17, 3:

    mihi volo ignosci,

    I wish to be pardoned, Cic. Or. 1, 28, 130:

    volt sibi quisque credi,

    Liv. 22, 22, 14. —
    b.
    With the same subject.
    (α).
    With inf. act.:

    quae mihi est spes qua me vivere velim,

    what hope have I, that I should wish to live? Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 33:

    volo me placere Philolachi,

    id. Most. 1, 3, 11; cf. id. Trin. 2, 2, 47; id. Rud. 2, 6, 1:

    judicem esse me, non doctorem volo,

    Cic. Or. 33, 117:

    vult, credo, se esse carum suis,

    id. Sen. 20, 73; so id. Off. 1, 31, 113; id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; 2, 23, 95. —
    (β).
    With inf. pass.:

    quod certiorem te vis fieri quo quisque in me animo sit,

    Cic. Att. 11, 13, 1; cf. id. Fam. 1, 9, 18:

    qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 39; cf. id. B. C. 2, 29:

    religionis se causa... Bacchis initiari velle,

    Liv. 39, 10, 2:

    Agrippae se nepotem neque credi neque dici volebat,

    Suet. Calig. 22 fin. —
    2.
    Of the will of superiors, gods, etc. (cf. A. 1. b. supra), I want, it is my will:

    me absente neminem volo intromitti,

    Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 21:

    viros nostros quibus tu voluisti esse nos matres familias,

    id. Stich. 1, 2, 41; id. Most. 1, 4, 2; id. Rud. 4, 5, 9; id. Trin. 1, 2, 1:

    pater illum alterum (filium) secum omni tempore volebat esse,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 42:

    (deus) quinque reliquis motibus orbem esse voluit expertem,

    id. Univ. 10; cf. id. Sest. 69, 147; id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 57; 1, 5, 14:

    causa mittendi fuit quod iter per Alpes... patefieri volebat,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 1; cf. id. ib. 5, 9; id. B. C. 1, 4:

    quippe (senatus) foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat,

    Sall. C. 19, 2:

    nec (di) patefieri (crimina) ut impunita essent, sed ut vindicarentur voluerunt,

    Liv. 39, 16, 11; cf. id. 1, 56, 3; 2, 28, 5; 25, 32, 6:

    senatus... Romano sanguini pudicitiam tutam esse voluit,

    Val. Max. 6, 1, 9; cf. id. 6, 9, 2.—So in the historians: quid fieri vellet (velit), after a verbum imperandi or declarandi, he gave his orders, explained his will:

    quid fieri velit praecipit,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

    ibi quid fieri vellet imperabat,

    id. ib. 7, 16:

    quid fieri vellet ostendit,

    id. ib. 7, 27:

    quae fieri vellet edocuit,

    id. B. C. 3, 108; cf. id. B. G. 7, 45; id. B. C. 3, 78; 3, 89:

    quid fieri vellet edixit,

    Curt. 8, 10, 30; 4, 13, 24; Val. Max. 7, 4, 2.— Frequently majores voluerunt, it was the will of our ancestors, referring to ancient customs and institutions:

    sacra Cereris summa majores nostri religione confici caerimoniaque voluerunt,

    Cic. Balb. 24, 55: majores vestri ne vos quidem temere coire voluerunt, cf. id. ib. 17, 39; 23, 54; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Fl. 7, 15; id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 39; id. Div. 1, 45, 103; id. Font. 24, 30 (10, 20); id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70.—Of testamentary dispositions: cum Titius, heres meus, mortuus erit, volo hereditatem meam ad P. Mevium pertinere, Gai Inst. 2, 277. Except in the institution of the first heir: at illa (institutio) non est comprobata: Titum heredem esse volo, Gai Inst. 2, 117. —
    3.
    Of the intention of a writer, etc., to want, to mean, intend:

    Asinariam volt esse (nomen fabulae) si per vos licet,

    Plaut. As. prol. 12:

    Plautus hanc mihi gnatam esse voluit Inopiam,

    has wanted Poverty to be my daughter, made her my daughter, id. Trin. prol. 9:

    primumdum huic esse nomen Diphilus Cyrenas voluit,

    id. Rud. prol. 33:

    quae ipsi qui scripserunt voluerunt vulgo intellegi,

    meant to be understood by all, Cic. Or. 2, 14, 60:

    si non hoc intellegi volumus,

    id. Fat. 18, 41:

    quale intellegi vult Cicero cum dicit orationem suam coepisse canescere,

    Quint. 11, 1, 31; so id. 9, 4, 82; 9, 3, 9:

    quamquam illi (Prometheo) quoque ferreum anulum dedit antiquitas vinculumque id, non gestamen, intellegi voluit,

    Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 8.—
    4.
    To resolve:

    Siculi... me defensorem calamitatum suarum... esse voluerunt,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 4, 11:

    si a me causam hanc vos (judices) agi volueritis,

    if you resolve, id. ib. 8, 25:

    senatus te voluit mihi nummos, me tibi frumentum dare,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:

    qua (statua) abjecta, basim tamen in foro manere voluerunt,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 66, §

    160: liberam debere esse Galliam quam (senatus) suis legibus uti voluisset,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 45:

    tu Macedonas tibi voluisti genua ponere, venerarique te ut deum,

    Curt. 8 (7), 13.— Hence,
    5.
    To order, command: erus meus tibi me salutem multam voluit dicere, has ordered me, etc., Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 25:

    montem quem a Labieno occupari voluerit,

    which he had ordered to be occupied, Caes. B. G. 1, 22:

    ibi futuros esse Helvetios ubi eos Caesar... esse voluisset,

    id. ib. 1, 13 (for velitis jubeatis with inf.-clause, v. II. B. 5. d.).—
    6.
    To consent, allow (cf. A. 1. I.):

    obtinuere ut (tribuni) tribuniciae potestatis vires salubres vellent reipublicae esse,

    they prevailed upon them to permit the tribunitian power to be wholesome to the republic, Liv. 2, 44, 5:

    Hiero tutores... puero reliquit quos precatus est moriens ut juvenum suis potissimum vestigiis insistere vellent,

    id. 24, 4, 5:

    petere ut eum... publicae etiam curae ac velut tutelae vellent esse (i. e. senatus),

    id. 42, 19, 5:

    orare tribunos ut uno animo cum consulibus bellum ab urbe ac moenibus propulsari vellent,

    id. 3, 69, 5:

    quam superesse causam Romanis cur non... incolumis Syracusas esse velint?

    id. 25, 28, 8:

    si alter ex heredibus voluerit rem a legatario possideri, alter non, ei qui noluit interdictum competet,

    Dig. 43, 3, 1, § 15.—So negatively = not to let, not to suffer:

    cum P. Attio agebant ne sua pertinacia omnium fortunas perturbari vellet,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 36.—
    7.
    To be of opinion that something should be, to require, demand:

    voluisti enim in suo genere unumquemque... esse Roscium,

    Cic. Or. 1, 61, 258: eos exercitus quos contra se multos jam annos aluerint velle dimitti, he demanded the disbanding of, etc., Caes. B. C. 1, 85:

    (Cicero) vult esse auctoritatem in verbis,

    Quint. 8, 3, 43:

    vult esse Celsus aliquam et superiorem compositionem,

    id. 9, 4, 137:

    si tantum irasci vis sapientem quantum scelerum indignitas exigit,

    Sen. Ira, 2, 9, 4. —
    8.
    To be of opinion that something is or was, = censere, dicere, but implying that the opinion is erroneous or doubtful, usu. in the third pers., sometimes in the second.
    (α).
    To imagine, consider:

    est genus hominum qui esse se primos omnium rerum volunt, Nec sunt,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

    semper auget adsentator id quod is cujus ad voluntatem dicitur vult esse magnum,

    Cic. Lael. 26, 98:

    si quis patricius, si quis—quod illi volunt invidiosius esse—Claudius diceret,

    Liv. 6, 40, 13.—
    (β).
    To be of opinion, to hold:

    vultis, opinor, nihil esse... in natura praeter ignem,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 14, 36:

    volunt illi omnes... eadem condicione nasci,

    id. Div. 2, 44, 93:

    vultis evenire omnia fato,

    id. ib. 2, 9, 24:

    alteri censent, etc., alteri volunt a rebus fatum omne relegari,

    id. Fat. 19, 45:

    vultis a dis immortalibus hominibus dispertiri somnia,

    id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; id. Tusc. 1, 10, 20; id. Fin. 3, 11, 36; id. Rep. 2, 26, 48:

    volunt quidam... iram in pectore moveri effervescente circa cor sanguine,

    Sen. Ira, 2, 19, 3.—
    (γ).
    To say, assert:

    si tam familiaris erat Clodiae quam tu esse vis,

    as you say he is, Cic. Cael. 21, 53:

    sit sane tanta quanta tu illam esse vis,

    id. Or. 1, 55, 23:

    ad pastum et ad procreandi voluptatem hoc divinum animal procreatum esse voluerunt: quo nihil mihi videtur esse absurdius,

    id. Fin. 2, 13, 40; 2, 17, 55; 2, 42, 131; 2, 46, 142; id. Fat. 18, 41.—With perf. inf.:

    Rhodi ego non fui: me vult fuisse,

    Cic. Planc. 34, 84.—
    (δ).
    To pretend, with perf. inf., both subjects denoting the same person:

    unde homines dum se falso terrore coacti Effugisse volunt, etc.,

    Lucr. 3, 69 (cf. A. 1. n. supra).—
    (ε).
    To mean, with perf. inf.:

    utrum scientem vultis contra foedera fecisse, an inscientem?

    Cic. Balb. 5, 13.— With pres. inf.:

    quam primum istud, quod esse vis?

    what do you mean by as soon as possible? Sen. Ep. 117, 24.—
    (ζ).
    Rarely in the first pers., implying that the opinion is open to discussion:

    ut et mihi, quae ego vellem non esse oratoris, concederes,

    what according to my opinion is not the orator's province, Cic. Or. 1, 17, 74.—
    9.
    In partic.
    a.
    With things as subjects.
    (α).
    Things personified:

    ne res publica quidem haec pro se suscipi volet,

    would have such things done for it, Cic. Off. 1, 45, 159:

    cui tacere grave sit, quod homini facillimum voluerit esse natura,

    which nature willed should be easiest for man, Curt. 4, 6, 6: fortuna Q. Metellum... nasci in urbe terrarum principe voluit, fate ordained that, etc., Val. Max. 7, 1, 1: nihil rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, it is the law of nature that, etc., Quint. 10, 3, 4:

    quid non ingenio voluit natura licere?

    what license did nature refuse to genius? Mart. 8, 68, 9:

    me sine, quem semper voluit fortuna jacere,

    Prop. 1, 6, 25:

    hanc me militiam fata subire volunt,

    id. 1, 6, 30.—
    (β).
    Of laws, to provide:

    duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem... interfici impune voluerunt,

    Cic. Mil. 3, 9:

    lex duodecim tabularum tignum aedibus junctum... solvi prohibuit, pretiumque ejus dari voluit,

    Dig. 46, 3, 98, § 8 fin. (cf. Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21, b. a, infra).—
    b.
    With perf. pass. inf., to represent a state or result wished for.
    (α).
    The inf. being in full, with esse expressed: si umquam quemquam di immortales voluere esse auxilio adjutum, tum me et Calidorum servatum volunt, if it ever was the will of the gods that any one should be assisted, etc., Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 1: Corinthum patres vestri, totius Graeciae lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt, it was their will that Corinth should be ( and remain) destroyed, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 11:

    nostri... leges et jura tecta esse voluerunt,

    id. Or. 1, 59, 253:

    propter eam partem epistulae tuae per quam te et mores tuos purgatos et probatos esse voluisti,

    id. Att. 1, 17, 7; id. Fin. 4, 27, 76; id. de Or. 1, 51, 221:

    daturum se operam ne cujus suorum popularium mutatam secum fortunam esse vellent,

    Liv. 21, 45, 6: for velle redundant in this construction, v. II. A. 2. 3. infra.—With pass. inf. impers.:

    sociis maxime lex consultum esse vult,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21.—
    (β).
    With ellips. of esse (cf. Quint. 9, 3, 9): perdis me tuis dictis. Cu. Imo, servo et servatum volo, and mean that you should remain saved, Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 56:

    aunt qui volum te conventam,

    who want to see you, id. Cist. 4, 2, 39:

    eidem homini, si quid recte cura tum velis, mandes,

    if you want to have anything done well, id. As. 1, 1, 106:

    sed etiam est paucis vos quod monitos voluerim,

    id. Capt. prol. 53: id nunc res indicium haeo [p. 2007] facit, quo pacto factum volueris, this shows now why you wished this to be done, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 31 (cf. Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33; id. Aul. 3, 5, 30, II. B. 1, b, and II. B. 3. b. infra): domestica cura te levatum volo, I wish to see you relieved, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 3:

    nulla sedes quo concurrant qui rem publicam defensam velint,

    id. Att. 8, 3, 4:

    rex celatum voluerat (i. e. donum),

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 28, § 64:

    Hannibal non Capuam neglectam, neque desertos volebat socios,

    Liv. 25, 20, 5; 2, 15, 2; 2, 44, 3; 3, 21, 4; 22, 7, 4;

    26, 31, 6: contemptum hominis quem destructum volebat,

    Quint. 8, 3, 21:

    si te non emptam vellet, emendus erat,

    Ov. Am. 1, 8, 34 (so with velle redundant, v. II. A. 1. d., and II. A. 3. infra).—Both subjects denoting the same person:

    velle Pompeium se Caesari purgatum,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 8.— Esp., with pass. inf. impers.: alicui consultum velle, to take care for or advocate somebody's interests:

    liberis consultum volumus propter ipsos,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 17, 57:

    obliviscere illum aliquando adversario tuo voluisse consultum,

    id. Att. 16, 16 C, 10:

    quibus tribuni plebis nunc consultum repente volunt,

    Liv. 5, 5, 3; so id. 25, 25, 17:

    quamquam senatus subventum voluit heredibus,

    Dig. 36, 1, 1, § 4; so with dep. part., used passively:

    volo amori ejus obsecutum,

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 63.—
    c.
    With predic. adj., without copula.
    (α).
    The subjects being different (mostly aliquem salvum velle):

    si me vivum vis, pater, Ignosce,

    if you wish me to live, Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 7:

    ille, si me alienus adfinem volet, Tacebit,

    id. Phorm. 4, 1, 16:

    ut tu illam salvam magis velis quam ego,

    id. Hec. 2, 2, 17; 3, 5, 14:

    quoniam ex tota provincia soli sunt qui te salvum velint,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 67, § 150:

    irent secum extemplo qui rempublicam salvam vellent,

    Liv. 22, 53, 7.—
    (β).
    Both subjects denoting the same person (virtually = object infinitive):

    in occulto jacebis quom te maxime clarum voles (= clarus esse voles),

    when you will most wish to be famous, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 38:

    volo me patris mei similem,

    I wish to be like my father, id. As. 1, 1, 54: ut iste qui se vult dicacem et mehercule est, Appius, who means to be witty, etc., Cic. Or. 2, 60, 246:

    qui vero se populares volunt,

    who mean to be popular, id. Off. 2, 22, 78:

    ut integrum se salvumque velit,

    id. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

    ut (omne animal) se et salvum in suo genere incolumeque vellet,

    id. ib. 4, 8, 19. —
    d.
    With an inf.-clause understood.
    (α).
    Velle, to wish: utinam hinc abierit in malam crucem! Ad. Ita nos velle aequom est (ita = eum abire, etc.), Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 5:

    stulta es, soror, magis quam volo (i.e. te esse),

    id. Pers. 4, 4, 78; id. Trin. 1, 2, 8; 2, 4, 175; id. Stich. 1, 1, 13; id. Ps. 1, 5, 55:

    senatum non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem decernere,

    Cic. Mil. 5, 12:

    neque enim facile est ut irascatur cui tu velis judex (= cui tu eum irasci velis),

    id. Or. 2, 45, 190; cf. id. Sest. 38, 82.—
    (β).
    Referring to the will of superiors, etc.:

    deos credo voluisse, nam ni vellent, non fieret,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46: jamne abeo? St. Volo (sc. te abire), so I will, id. Cas. 2, 8, 57; cf. id. Mil. 4, 6, 12; id. Merc. 2, 3, 33.—
    (γ).
    To mean, intend (v. B. 3.):

    acutum etiam illud est cum ex alterius oratione aliud atque ille vult (sc. te excipere),

    Cic. Or. 2, 67, 273.—
    (δ).
    To require, demand (v B. 7.):

    veremur quidem vos, Romani, et, si ita vultis, etiam timemus,

    Liv. 39, 37, 17;

    and of things as subjects: cadentque vocabula, si volet usus (i. e. ea cadere),

    Hor. A. P. 71.—
    (ε).
    To be of opinion, will have (v. B. 8.):

    ergo ego, inimicus, si ita vultis, homini, amicus esse rei publicae debeo,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

    nam illi regi tolerabili, aut, si voltis, etiam amabili, Cyro,

    id. Rep. 1, 28, 44; id. Fin. 2, 27, 89; 3, 4, 12; id. Cael. 21, 53; Liv. 21, 10, 7; Quint. 2, 17, 41.—
    (ζ).
    With ellips. of predic. inf. (v. A. 2. b.): cras de reliquiis nos volo (i. e. cenare), it is my intention that we dine, etc., Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 40:

    volo Varronem (i. e. hos libros habere),

    Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3.
    C.
    With ut, ne, or ut ne.
    1.
    With ut.
    a.
    To wish:

    volo ut quod jubebo facias,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 65:

    quia enim id maxime volo ut illi istac confugiant,

    id. Most. 5, 1, 49:

    ut mihi aedes aliquas conducat volo,

    id. Merc. 3, 2, 17: hoc prius volo meam rem agere. Th. Quid id est? Ph. Ut mihi hanc despondeas, id. Curc. 5, 2, 71: quid vis, nisi ut maneat Phanium? Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 8:

    velim ut tibi amicus sit,

    Cic. Att. 10, 16, 1:

    quare id quoque velim... ut sit qui utamur,

    id. ib. 11, 11, 2:

    maxime vellem, judices, ut P. Sulla... modestiae fructum aliquem percipere potuisset,

    id. Sull. 1, 1:

    equidem vellem uti pedes haberent (res tuae),

    id. Fam. 7, 33, 2:

    his ut sit digna puella volo,

    Mart. 11, 27, 14.—Both subjects denoting the same person: volueram, inquit, ut quam plurimum tecum essem, Brut. ap. Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1.—
    b.
    It is the will of, to want, ordain (v. B. 2.):

    at ego deos credo voluisse ut apud te me in nervo enicem,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 17: numquid me vis? Le. Ut valeas, id. Cist. 1, 1, 120: numquid vis? Ps. Dormitum ut abeas, id. Ps. 2, 2, 70:

    volo ut mihi respondeas,

    Cic. Vatin. 6, 14; 7, 17; 7, 18; 9, 21;

    12, 29: nuntia Romanis, caelestes ita velle ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit,

    Liv. 1, 16, 7.—
    c.
    To intend, it is the purpose, aim, etc., the two subjects being the same:

    id quaerunt, volunt haec ut infecta faciant,

    Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 9.—
    d.
    With other verbs:

    quod peto et volo parentes meos ut commonstres mihi,

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 4:

    quasi vero aut populus Romanus hoc voluerit, aut senatus tibi hoc mandaverit ut... privares,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19, § 48;

    with opto,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 48;

    with laboro,

    Liv. 42, 14, 3;

    with aequum censere,

    id. 39, 19, 7.—
    2.
    With ne:

    at ne videas velim,

    Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 23:

    quid nunc vis? ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo, ne illam vendas, neu me perdas, etc.,

    id. Ps. 1, 3, 102:

    credibile est hoc voluisse legumlatorem, ne auxilia liberorum innocentibus deessent,

    intended, Quint. 7, 1, 56.—
    3.
    With ut ne: quid nunc tibi vis? Mi. Ut quae te cupit, eam ne spernas, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 60.
    D.
    With subjunct. of dependent verb (mostly ante-class.; class. and freq. with velim and vellem; but in Cic. mostly epistolary and colloquial).
    1.
    To wish:

    ergo animum advortas volo,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 23; 2, 3, 28; 2, 3, 70:

    volo amet me patrem,

    id. As. 1, 1, 63 dub.:

    hoc volo agatis,

    id. Cist. 1, 1, 83:

    ducas volo hodie uxorem,

    Ter. And. 2, 3, 14:

    quid vis faciam?

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 49; Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 24; Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 64; 2, 3, 65; 2, 6, 65; 3, 3, 3; id. Ps. 4, 1, 17; 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 2, 3, 56; id. Capt. 1, 2, 12; id. Poen. 3, 2, 16; id. Pers. 2, 4, 23; id. Rud. 5, 2, 45; 5, 3, 58; id. Stich. 5, 2, 21; Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 14:

    volo etiam exquiras quam diligentissime poteris quid Lentulus agat?

    Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

    Othonem vincas volo,

    id. ib. 13, 29, 2:

    eas litteras volo habeas,

    id. ib. 13, 32, 3:

    visne igitur videamus quidnam sit, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 10, 15: visne igitur descendatur ad Lirim? id. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4:

    volo, inquis, sciat,

    Sen. Ben. 2, 10, 2.—
    2.
    To be of opinion that something should be, demand, require (v. B. 7.): volo enim se efferat in adulescentia fecunditas, I like to see, etc., Cic. Or. 2, 21, 88:

    volo hoc oratori contingat ut, etc.,

    id. Brut. 84, 290.—
    3.
    With subj.-clause understood:

    abi atque obsona, propera! sed lepide volo (i. e. obsones),

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 55.
    E.
    With object nouns, etc.
    1.
    With acc. of a thing.
    a.
    With a noun, to want, wish for, like to have:

    voltisne olivas, aut pulmentum, aut capparim?

    Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 90:

    animo male est: aquam velim,

    id. Am. 5, 1, 6:

    quia videt me suam amicitiam velle,

    id. Aul. 2, 3, 68; so,

    gratiam tuam,

    id. Curc. 2, 3, 52; 2, 3, 56:

    aquam,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 34:

    discidium,

    Ter. And. 4, 2, 14: nullam ego rem umquam in vita mea Volui quin tu in ea re mihi advorsatrix fueris, I never had any wish in my life, etc., id. Heaut. 5, 3, 5: (dixit) velle Hispaniam, he wanted Spain, i. e. as a province, Cic. Att. 12, 7, 1:

    mihi frumento non opus est: nummos volo,

    I want the money, id. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:

    non poterat scilicet negare se velle pacem,

    id. Att. 15, 1 a, 3; cf. id. ib. 13, 32, 2 (v. II. C. 4. infra):

    si amplius obsidum (= plures obsides) vellet, dare pollicentur,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 9 fin.:

    pacem etiam qui vincere possunt, volunt,

    Liv. 7, 40, 18:

    ferunt (eum)... honestum finem voluisse,

    Tac. A. 6, 26:

    cum Scipio veram vellet et sine exceptione victoriam,

    Flor. 1, 33 (2, 18), 12:

    mensae munera si voles secundae, Marcentes tibi porrigentur uvae,

    Mart. 5, 78, 11.—
    b.
    Neutr. adjj., denoting things, substantively used: utrum vis opta, dum licet. La. Neutrum volo, Plaut. Ps. 3, 6, 16:

    quorum isti neutrum volunt,

    acknowledge neither, Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

    voluimus quaedam, contendimus... Obtenta non sunt,

    we aspired to certain things, id. Balb. 27, 61:

    restat ut omnes unum velint,

    hold one opinion, id. Marcell. 10, 32:

    si plura velim,

    if I wished for more, Hor. C. 3, 16, 38:

    per quod probemus aliud legislatorem voluisse,

    that the law-giver intended something different, Quint. 7, 6, 8:

    ut putent, aliud quosdam dicere, aliud velle,

    that they say one thing and mean another, id. 9, 2, 85:

    utrum is qui scripsit... voluerit,

    which of the two was meant by the author, id. 7, 9, 15:

    ut nemo contra id quod vult dicit, ita potest melius aliquid velle quam dicit,

    mean better than he speaks, id. 9, 2, 89:

    quis enim pudor omnia velle?

    to desire every thing, Mart. 12, 94, 11.—
    c.
    With neutr. demonstr. expressed or understood, to want, intend, aim at, like, will:

    immo faenus: id primum volo,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 64:

    proximum quod sit bono... id volo,

    id. Capt. 2, 2, 22:

    nisi ea quae tu vis volo,

    unless my purpose is the same as yours, id. Ep. 2, 2, 82:

    siquidem id sapere'st, velle te id quod non potest contingere,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 83:

    hoc (i. e. otium cum dignitate) qui volunt omnes optimates putantur,

    who aim at this, Cic. Sest. 45, 98:

    privatum oportet in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint,

    id. Off. 1, 34, 124:

    quid est sapientia? Semper idem velle atque idem nolle,

    Sen. Ep. 20, 5:

    pudebit eadem velle quae volueras puer,

    id. ib. 27, 2:

    nec volo quod cruciat, nec volo quod satiat,

    Mart. 1, 57, 4.—With demonstr. in place of inf.-clause:

    hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae (sc. poenas in me sumi),

    Verg. A. 2, 104:

    hoc velit Eurystheus, velit hoc germana Tonantis (sc. verum esse, Herculem, etc.),

    Ov. H. 9, 7; Hor. S. 2, 3, 88.—
    d.
    With neutr. of interrog. pron.: quid nunc vis? Am. Sceleste, at etiam quid velim, id tu me rogas? what do you want now? Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 5:

    eloquere quid velis,

    id. Cas. 2, 4, 2: heus tu! Si. Quid vis? id. Ps. 4, 7, 21; so Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 11; cf. Hor. S. 2, 3, 152:

    sed plane quid velit nescio,

    what his intentions are, Cic. Att. 15, 1 a, 5; id. de Or. 2, 20, 84:

    mittunt etiam ad dominos qui quaerant quid velint,

    to ask for their orders, id. Tusc. 2, 17, 41:

    quid? Si haec... ipsius amici judicarunt? Quid amplius vultis?

    what more do you require, will you have? id. Verr. 2, 3, 65, § 152:

    quid amplius vis?

    Hor. Epod. 17, 30:

    spectatur quid voluerit scriptor,

    we find out the author's intention, Quint. 7, 10, 1.—Sometimes quid vult = quid sibi vult (v. 4. b.), to mean, signify:

    capram illam suspicor jam invenisse... quid voluerit,

    what it signified, Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 30:

    sed tamen intellego quid velit,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 101:

    quid autem volunt ea di immortales significantes quae sine interpretibus non possimus intellegere? etc.,

    id. Div. 2, 25, 54.—Of things as subjects:

    hunc ensem mittit tibi... Et jubet ex merito scire quid iste velit,

    Ov. H. 11, 96.—
    e.
    With rel. pron.:

    quod volui, ut volui, impetravi... a Philocomasio,

    Plaut. Mil. 4, 5, 1:

    ut quod frons velit oculi sciant,

    that the eyes know what the forehead wants, id. Aul. 4, 1, 13:

    illi quae volo concedere,

    to yield to him my wishes, id. Cas. 2, 3, 49:

    si illud quod volumus dicitur,

    what we like, id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:

    multa eveniunt homini quae volt, quae nevolt,

    id. Trin. 2, 2, 84; id. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

    quamquam (litterae tuae) semper aliquid adferunt quod velim,

    Cic. Att. 11, 11, 1:

    quae vellem quaeque sentirem dicendi,

    id. Marcell. 1, 1:

    uti ea quae vellent impetrarent,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

    satis animi ad id quod tam diu vellent,

    to carry out what they had desired so long, Liv. 4, 54, 5:

    sed quod volebant non... expediebant,

    their purpose, id. 24, 23, 9. —Idiomatically: quod volo = quod demonstrare volo, what I intend to prove:

    illud quod volumus expressum est, ut vaticinari furor vera soleat,

    Cic. Div. 1, 31, 67:

    bis sumpsit quod voluit,

    he has twice begged the question, id. ib. 2, 52, 107.—With indef. relations:

    cornucopia ubi inest quidquid volo,

    whatever I wish for, Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 5:

    Caesar de Bruto solitus est dicere: magni refert hic quid velit, sed quidquid volt, valde volt,

    whatever he wills he wills strongly, Cic. Att. 14, 1, 2.—
    f.
    With indef. pronn.
    (α).
    Si quid vis, if you want any thing: illo praesente mecum agito si quid voles, [p. 2008] Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 72: Py. Adeat si quid volt. Pa. Si quid vis, adi, mulier, id. Mil. 4, 2, 47:

    eumque Alexander cum rogaret, si quid vellet, ut diceret,

    id. Or. 2, 66, 266; Caes. B. G. 1, 7 fin. —
    (β).
    Nisi quid vis, unless you wish to give some order, to make some remark, etc.:

    ego eo ad forum nisi quid vis,

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 94:

    nunc de ratione videamus, nisi quid vis ad haec,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 18, 42.—
    (γ).
    Numquid vis or ecquid vis? have you any orders to give? a formula used by inferiors before leaving their superiors; cf. Don. ad Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 39:

    visunt, quid agam, ecquid velim,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 113:

    numquid vis aliud?

    Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 111; 1, 2, 106; id. Ad. 2, 2, 39; 3, 3, 78; id. Hec. 2, 2, 30:

    numquid vellem rogavit,

    Cic. Att. 6, 3, 6:

    frequentia rogantium num quid vellet,

    Liv. 6, 34, 7:

    rogavit num quid in Sardiniam vellet. Te puto saepe habere qui num quid Romam velis quaerant,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1.—
    2.
    With acc. of the person: aliquem velle.
    (α).
    To want somebody, i. e. in order to see him, to speak with him (ante-class. and colloq.):

    Demenaetum volebam,

    I wanted, wished to see, Demenoetus, Plaut. As. 2, 3, 12:

    bona femina et malus masculus volunt te,

    id. Cist. 4, 2, 40:

    solus te solum volo,

    id. Capt. 3, 4, 70:

    quia non est intus quem ego volo,

    id. Mil. 4, 6, 40:

    hae oves volunt vos,

    id. Bacch. 5, 2, 24:

    quis me volt? Perii, pater est,

    Ter. And. 5, 3, 1:

    centuriones trium cohortium me velle postridie,

    Cic. Att. 10, 16, 4.—With paucis verbis or paucis, for a few words ( moments):

    volo te verbis pauculis,

    Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 28:

    sed paucis verbis te volo, Palaestrio,

    id. Mil. 2, 4, 22:

    Sosia, Adesdum, paucis te volo,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 2.—
    (β).
    To love, like somebody, to be fond of somebody (anteclass. and poet.):

    hanc volo (= amo),

    Plaut. As. 5, 1, 18:

    sine me amare unum Argyrippum... quem volo,

    id. ib. 3, 2, 38:

    quom quae te volt, eamdem tu vis,

    id. Mil. 4, 2, 80:

    aut quae (vitia) corpori' sunt ejus siquam petis ac vis,

    Lucr. 4, 1152:

    quam volui nota fit arte mea,

    Ov. Am. 1, 10, 60: nolo virum, facili redimit qui sanguine famam: hunc volo, laudari qui sine morte potest, I like the one who, etc., Mart. 1, 8, 6.—
    (γ).
    To wish to have:

    roga, velitne an non uxorem,

    whether he wishes to have his wife or not, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 43:

    ut sapiens velit gerere rem publicam, atque... uxorem adjungere, et velle ex ea liberos (anacoluth.),

    Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68.—

    With two accusatives: (narrato) illam te amare et velle uxorem,

    that you wish to have her as your wife, Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 25; cf. id. Phorm. 1, 2, 65.—
    3.
    With two accusatives, of the person and the thing: aliquem aliquid velle, to want something of somebody (cf.: aliquem aliquid rogare; mostly ante-class.;

    not in Cic.): numquid me vis?

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 120:

    face certiorem me quid meus vir me velit,

    id. Cas. 2, 6, 1:

    num quidpiam me vis aliud?

    id. Truc. 2, 4, 81:

    nunc verba in pauca conferam quid te velim,

    id. As. 1, 1, 74:

    narrabit ultro quid sese velis,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 60:

    quid me voluisti?

    id. Mil. 4, 2, 35:

    numquid aliud me vis?

    Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 101:

    quin tu uno verbo dic quid est quod me velis,

    id. And. 1, 1, 18; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 85; id. Cist. 2, 3, 49; id. As. 2, 3, 12; id. Merc. 5, 2, 27; id. Pers. 4, 6, 11; Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 31; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 18; id. Eun. 2, 3, 47; id. Hec. 3, 4, 15:

    si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 34:

    cum mirabundus quidnam (Taurea) sese vellet, resedisset Flaccus, Me quoque, inquit, etc.,

    Liv. 26, 15, 11; also, I want to speak with somebody (v. 2. a. a):

    paucis, Euclio, est quod te volo,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 22:

    est quod te volo secreto,

    id. Bacch. 5, 2, 33.—
    4.
    With acc. of thing and dat. of the person: aliquid alicui velle, to wish something to somebody (= cupio aliquid alicui; v. cupio;

    rare): quamquam vobis volo quae voltis, mulieres,

    Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 1:

    si ex me illa liberos vellet sibi,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 33:

    praesidium velle se senectuti suae,

    id. ib. 1, 2, 44:

    nihil est mali quod illa non initio filio voluerit, optaverit,

    Cic. Clu. 66, 188:

    rem Romanam huc provectam ut externis quoque gentibus quietem velit,

    Tac. A. 12, 11:

    cui ego omnia meritissimo volo et debeo,

    to whom I give and owe my best wishes, Quint. 9, 2, 35.—Esp., in the phrase quid vis (vult) with reflex. dat. of interest, lit. what do you want for yourself?
    a.
    Quid tibi vis = quid vis, the dat. being redundant (rare):

    quid aliud tibi vis?

    what else do you want? Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 90.—With quisque:

    haud ita vitam agerent ut nunc plerumque videmus Quid sibi quisque velit nescire,

    be ignorant as to their own aims and purposes, Lucr. 3, 1058.—
    b.
    What do you mean? what do you drive at? what is your scope, object, drift (rare in post-Aug. writers; Don. ad Ter. Eun. prol. 45, declares it an archaism).
    (α).
    In 1 st pers. (rare):

    nunc quid processerim huc, et quid mihi voluerim dicam,

    and what I meant thereby, what was the purpose of my coming, Plaut. As. prol. 6:

    quid mihi volui? quid mihi nunc prodest bona voluntas?

    Sen. Ben. 4, 21, 6.—
    (β).
    In 2 d pers.:

    quid nunc tibi vis, mulier, memora,

    what is the drift of your talk? Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 60: sed quid nunc tibi vis? what do you want to come at (i.e. by your preamble)? id. Poen. 1, 1, 24: quid tu tibi vis? Ego non tangam meam? what do you mean? i. e. what is your purpose? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 28:

    quid tibi vis? quid cum illa rei tibi est?

    id. ib. 4, 7, 34:

    quid est quod sic gestis? quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit? Quid est quod laetus sis? quid tibi vis?

    what do you mean by all this? id. ib. 3, 5, 11:

    quid est, inepta? quid vis tibi? quid rides?

    id. ib. 5, 6, 6:

    quid vis tibi? Quid quaeris?

    id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9: Ph. Fabulae! Ch. Quid vis tibi? id. Phorm. 5, 8, 53:

    roganti ut se in Asiam praefectum duceret, Quid tibi vis, inquit, insane,

    Cic. Or. 2, 67, 269; so in 2 d pers. plur.:

    pro deum fidem, quid vobis vultis?

    Liv. 3, 67, 7.—
    (γ).
    In 3 d pers.:

    quid igitur sibi volt pater? cur simulat?

    Ter. And. 2, 3, 1:

    quid hic volt veterator sibi?

    id. ib. 2, 6, 26:

    proinde desinant aliquando me isdem inflare verbis: quid sibi iste vult?... Cur ornat eum a quo desertus est?

    Cic. Dom. 11, 29:

    quid sibi vellet (Caesar)? cur in suas possessiones veniret?

    Caes. B. G. 1, 44 med.:

    conicere in eum oculos, mirantes quid sibi vellet (i. e. by courting the plebeians),

    Liv. 3, 35, 5:

    qui quaererent quid sibi vellent qui armati Aventinum obsedissent,

    id. 3, 50, 15:

    quid sibi voluit providentia quae Aridaeum regno imposuit?

    Sen. Ben. 4, 31, 1: volt, non volt dare Galla mihi, nec dicere possum quod volt et non volt, quid sibi Galla velit, Mart: 3, 90, 2.—
    (δ).
    Transf. of things as subjects, what means, what signifies? quid volt sibi, Syre, haec oratio? Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 2:

    ut pernoscatis quid sibi Eunuchus velit,

    id. Eun. prol. 45:

    quid ergo illae sibi statuae equestres inauratae volunt?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 150:

    quid haec sibi horum civium Romanorum dona voluerunt?

    id. ib. 2, 3, 80, §

    186: avaritia senilis quid sibi velit, non intellego,

    what is the meaning of the phrase, id. Sen. 18, 66:

    quid ergo illa sibi vult pars altera orationis qua Romanos a me cultos ait?

    Liv. 40, 12, 14:

    tacitae quid vult sibi noctis imago?

    Ov. M. 9, 473.—
    5.
    Bene or male alicui velle, to wish one well or ill, to like or dislike one (ante-class. and poet.): Ph. Bene volt tibi. St. Nequam est illud verbum bene volt, nisi qui bene facit, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 37 sq.:

    jam diu ego huic bene et hic mihi volumus,

    id. Ps. 1, 3, 4:

    ut tibi, dum vivam, bene velim plus quam mihi,

    id. Cas. 2, 8, 30:

    egone illi ut non bene vellem?

    id. Truc. 2, 4, 90; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 95; id. Merc. 2, 1, 21; id. Ps. 4, 3, 7; id. Poen. 3, 3, 9:

    nisi quod tibi bene ex animo volo,

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 6:

    quo tibi male volt maleque faciet,

    Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 44:

    atque isti etiam parum male volo,

    id. Truc. 5, 7; cf. id. As. 5, 1, 13:

    utinam sic sient qui mihi male volunt,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 13:

    non sibi male vult,

    he does not dislike himself, Petr. 38; so, melius or optime alicui velle, to like one better or best:

    nec est quisquam mihi aeque melius quoi vellem,

    Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42; id. Merc. 5, 2, 57:

    illi ego ex omnibus optime volo,

    id. Most. 1, 4, 24.—And bene velle = velle: bene volueris in precatione augurali Messalla augur ait, significare volueris, Fest. s. v. bene sponsis, p. 351.—
    6.
    With abl.: alicujus causa velle, to like one for his own sake, i. e. personally, a Ciceronian phrase, probably inst. of omnia alicujus causa velle; lit. to wish every thing (i.e. good) in somebody's behalf.
    (α).
    With omnia expressed: etsi mihi videor intellexisse cum tecum de re M. Annaeii locutus sum, te ipsius causa vehementer omnia velle, tamen, etc.... ut non dubitem quin magnus cumulus accedat commenda tionis meae, Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1:

    repente coepit dicere, se omnia Verris causa velle,

    that he had the most friendly disposition towards Verres, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26, § 64:

    accedit eo quod Varro magnopere ejus causa vult omnia,

    id. Fam. 13, 22, 1.—
    (β).
    Without omnia:

    per eos qui nostra causa volunt, valentque apud illum,

    Cic. Att. 11, 8, 1:

    sed et Phameae causa volebam,

    id. ib. 13, 49, 1:

    etsi te ipsius Attici causa velle intellexeram,

    id. ib. 16, 16, A, 6:

    valde enim ejus causa volo,

    id. Fam. 16, 17, 2 fin.:

    illud non perficis quo minus tua causa velim,

    id. ib. 3, 7, 6;

    12, 7, 1: si me velle tua causa putas,

    id. ib. 7, 17, 2:

    regis causa si qui sunt qui velint,

    id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

    credo tua causa velle Lentulum,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 5; id. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21; cf. id. Imp. Pomp. (v. C. 1. b. supra), where the phrase has its literal meaning; cf. also: alicujus causa (omnia) cupere; v. cupio.—
    7.
    With acc. and subjunct. per ecthesin (ante-class.): nunc ego illum meum virum veniat velim (by mixture of constructions: meum virum velim; and:

    meus vir veniat velim),

    Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 29:

    nunc ego Simonidem mi obviam veniat velim,

    id. Ps. 4, 5, 10:

    nimis hercle ego illum corvum ad me veniat velim,

    id. Aul. 4, 6, 4:

    saltem aliquem velim qui mihi ex his locis viam monstret,

    id. Rud. 1, 3, 35:

    patrem atque matrem viverent vellem tibi,

    id. Poen. 5, 2, 106; cf. id. Merc. 2, 1, 30 (v. E. 1. d. supra).
    F.
    Velle used absolutely, variously rendered to will, have a will, wish, consent, assent:

    quod vos, malum... me sic ludificamini? Nolo volo, volo nolo rursum,

    I nill I will, I will I nill again, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 57: novi ingenium mulierum: Nolunt ubi velis, ubi nolis cupiunt ultro, they will not where you will, etc., id. Eun. 4, 7, 43:

    quis est cui velle non liceat?

    who is not free to wish? Cic. Att. 7, 11. 2:

    in magnis et voluisse sat est,

    Prop. 2, 10 (3, 1), 6:

    tarde velle nolentis est,

    slow ness in consenting betrays the desire to refuse, Sen. Ben. 2, 5, 4:

    quae (animalia) nullam injuriam nobis faciunt, quia velle non possunt, id. Ira, 2, 26, 4: ejus est nolle qui potest velle,

    the power to assent implies the power to dissent, Dig. 50, 17, 3.—So velle substantively:

    sed ego hoc ipsum velle miserius duco quam in crucem tolli,

    that very wishing, Cic. Att. 7, 11, 2: inest enim velle in carendo, the word carere implies the notion of a wish, id. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

    velle ac posse in aequo positum erat,

    his will and power were balanced, Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:

    velle tuum nolo, Didyme, nolle volo,

    Mart. 5, 83, 2:

    velle suum cuique est,

    each has his own likings, Pers. 5, 53.
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Redundant, when the will to do is identified with the act itself.
    1.
    In imperative sentences.
    a.
    In independent sentences introduced by noli velle, where noli has lost the idea of volition:

    nolite, judices, hunc velle maturius exstingui vulnere vestro quam suo fato,

    do not resolve, Cic. Cael. 32, 79:

    nolite igitur id velle quod fieri non potest,

    id. Phil. 7, 8, 25: qui timor bonis omnibus injectus sit... nolite a me commoneri velle, do not wish, expect, to be reminded by me, etc., id. Mur. 25, 50: nolite hunc illi acerbum nuntium velle perferri, let it not be your decision that, etc., id. Balb. 28, 64: cujus auspicia pro vobis experti nolite adversus vos velle experiri, do not desire, etc., Liv. 7, 40, 16:

    noli adversum eos me velle ducere, etc.,

    Nep. Att. 4, 2.—
    b.
    Ne velis or ne velit fecisse = ne feceris, or ne facito (v. I. A. 3. a. supra).—So ne velis with pres. inf.:

    neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis (= neve abfueris),

    Ov. H. 1, 80.—
    c.
    In affirmative imperative sentences (velim esse = esto;

    rare): tu tantum fida sorori Esse velis (= fida esto or sis),

    Ov. M. 2, 745; and in 3 d pers.:

    di procul a cunctis... Hujus notitiam gentis habere velint (= habeant),

    id. P. 1, 7, 8:

    credere modo qui discet velit (= credat qui discet),

    Quint. 8, prooem. 12. —
    d.
    In clauses dependent on verbs of commanding and wishing:

    aut quia significant divam praedicere ut armis Ac virtute velint patriam defendere terram (= ut defendant),

    Lucr. 2, 641: precor quaesoque ne ante oculos patris facere et pati omnia infanda velis (= facias et patiaris). Liv. 23, 9, 2:

    monentes ne experiri vellet imperium cujus vis, etc.,

    id. 2, 59, 4; 39, 13, 2:

    et mea... opto Vulnera qui fecit facta levare velit,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 18: nos contra (oravimus) [p. 2009]... ne vertere secum Cuncta pater fatoque urguenti incumbere vellet, Verg. A. 2, 653. —With pass. perf. inf. (v. I. B. 9. b. b):

    legati Sullam orant ut filii innocentis fortunas conservatas velit (virtually = fortunas conservet),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 9, 25:

    a te peto ut utilitatem sociorum per te quam maxime defensam et auctam velis (= defendas et augeas),

    id. Fam. 13, 9, 3.—So after utinam or ut:

    utinam illi qui prius eum viderint me apud eum velint adjutum tantum quantum ego vellem si quid possem (= utinam illi me adjuvent quantum ego adjuvarem, etc.),

    id. Att. 11, 7, 7:

    cautius ut saevo velles te credere Marti (= utinam te credidisses),

    Verg. A. 11, 153:

    edictum praemittit ad quam diem magistratus... sibi esse praesto Cordubae vellet (= sibi praesto essent),

    Caes. B. C. 1, 19 (cf. also I. B. 9. b. b, and I. B. 2. fin. supra).—
    2.
    In conditional clauses, si facere velim = si faciam, often rendered by the potential or future auxiliaries would or will:

    non tu scis, Bacchae bacchanti si velis advorsarier, ex insana insaniorem facies? (= si advorseris),

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 80:

    si meum Imperium exsequi voluisset, interemptam oportuit (= si executus esset),

    Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 22:

    si id confiteri velim, tamen istum condemnetis necesse est (= si id confitear),

    if I would acknowledge, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45:

    si quis velit ita dicere... nihil dicat (= si quis dicat),

    id. Fat. 14, 32:

    dies deficiat si velim numerare, etc.,

    id. N. D. 3, 32, 81;

    so,

    id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102; id. Verr. 2, 2, 21, § 52:

    qua in sententia si constare voluissent, suam auctoritatem... recuperassent,

    id. Fam. 1, 9, 14; id. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31; id. Lael. 20, 75:

    conicere potestis, si recordari volueritis quanta, etc.,

    if you will remember, id. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129; so id. Or. 1, 44, 197; id. Brut. 1, 2, 5:

    quod si audire voletis externa, maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus labefactatas reperietis,

    id. Sen. 6, 20; so id. Or. 1, 60, 256; 2, 23, 95:

    ejus me compotem voti vos facere potestis, si meminisse vultis, non vos in Samnio, etc.,

    Liv. 7, 40, 5; 23, 13, 6; 23, 15, 4: cum olera Diogeni lavanti Aristippus dixisset: si Dionysium adulare velles, ista non esses;

    Imo, inquit, si tu ista esse velles, non adulares Dionysium,

    Val. Max. 4, 3, ext. 4:

    ut si his (legibus) perpetuo uti voluissent, sempiternum habituri fuerint imperium,

    id. 5, 3, ext. 3:

    quid enim si mirari velit, non in silvestribus dumis poma pendere,

    Sen. Ira, 2, 10, 6; cf. Curt. 5, 1, 1; 3, 5, 6; Ov. H. 17 (18), 43.—With perf. inf. pass.:

    nisi ea (opera) certi auctores monumentis suis testata esse voluissent,

    Val. Max. 3, 2, 24.—
    3.
    In declarative sentences.
    a.
    Volo in 1 st pers. with perf. pass. inf. or part. (volo oratum esse or oratum = oro; v. I. B. 9. b. a and b):

    vos omnes opere magno esse oratos volo benigne ut operam detis, etc.,

    Plaut. Cas. prol. 21:

    justam rem et facilem esse oratam a vobis volo,

    id. Am. prol. 33:

    illud tamen te esse admonitum volo, etc.,

    Cic. Cael. 3, 8:

    sed etiam est paucis vos quod monitos voluerim,

    Plaut. Capt. prol. 53:

    illud te, Tulli, monitum velim etc.,

    Liv. 1, 23, 8:

    quamobrem omnes eos oratos volo Ne, etc.,

    Ter. Heaut. prol. 26; so, factum volo = faciam: serva tibi sodalem, et mihi filium. Mne. Factum volo, I will, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 91: pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac, etc. Nau. Factum volo, Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 4; so Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 10.—In 3 d pers.:

    esse salutatum vult te mea littera primum,

    Ov. P. 2, 7, 1.—
    b.
    With pres. inf.:

    propterea te vocari ad cenam volo (= voco te),

    Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 72:

    sed nunc rogare hoc ego vicissim te volo: quid fuit, etc. (= nunc te rogo),

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 136.—
    c.
    With perf. act. inf.:

    pace tua dixisse velim (= pace tua dixerim),

    Ov. P. 3, 1, 9.—
    d.
    In other connections, when the will or purpose is made more prominent than the action:

    eorum alter, qui Antiochus vocatur, iter per Siciliam facere voluit (= fecit),

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 61:

    si suscipere eam (religionem) nolletis, tamen in eo qui violasset sancire vos velle oporteret (= sancire vos oporteret),

    id. ib. 2, 4, 51, §

    114: ut insequentibus diebus nemo eorum forum aut publicum adspicere vellet (= adspiceret),

    Liv. 9, 7, 11:

    talentis mille percussorem in me emere voluisti (= emisti),

    Curt. 3, 5, 6: quin etiam senatus gratias ei agentem quod redire voluisset ante portas eduxit (= quod redisset), Val. Max. 3, 4, 4:

    utri prius gratulemur, qui hoc dicere voluit, an cui audire contigit? (= qui hoc dixit),

    id. 4, 7, ext. 2:

    sic tua non paucae carpere facta volent (= carpent),

    Ov. P. 3, 1, 64.
    B.
    Velim, as potential subjunctive (mostly in 1 st pers. sing., as subjunctive of modest statement), = volo, I wish, I should like.
    1.
    With verb in the second person.
    a.
    With pres. subj., so most frequently in Cic.
    (α).
    As a modest imperative of the dependent verb: velim facias = fac, I wish you would do it, please do it:

    ego quae in rem tuam sint, ea velim facias,

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 9:

    eas (litteras) in eundem fasciculum velim addas,

    Cic. Att. 12, 53:

    eum salvere jubeas velim,

    id. ib. 7, 7, 7:

    velim me facias certiorem, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 19, 9:

    tu velim saepe ad nos scribas,

    id. ib. 1, 12, 4:

    velim mihi ignoscas,

    id. Fam. 13, 75, 1:

    tu velim animum a me parumper avertas,

    id. Lael. 1, 5; cf. id. Att. 1, 11, 3; 7, 3, 11; 8, 12, 5; id. Fam. 15, 3, 2 et saep.:

    haec pro causa mea dicta accipiatis velim,

    Liv. 42, 34, 13: velim, inquit, hoc mihi probes, Aug. ap. Suet. Aug. 51:

    Musa velim memores, etc.,

    Hor. S. 1, 5, 53.—
    (β).
    Expressing a wish without a command (v. vellem):

    vera dicas velim,

    I wish you told the truth, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 18:

    quam velim Bruto persuadeas ut Asturae sit,

    Cic. Att. 14, 15, 4:

    ipse velim poenas experiare meas,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 74;

    so in asseverations: ita velim me promerentem ames, dum vivas, mi pater, ut... id mihi vehementer dolet,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 47.—
    b.
    With infinitive clause.
    (α).
    With the force of a modest imperative:

    sed qui istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim (i. e. a te),

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:

    extremum illud est quod mihi abs te responderi velim,

    Cic. Vat. 17, 41 (may be a dependent subjunctive):

    itaque vos ego, milites, non eo solum animo.... pugnare velim, etc.,

    Liv. 21, 41, 10.—
    (β).
    As a mere wish:

    velim te arbitrari, frater, etc.,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 1:

    primum te arbitrari id quod res est velim,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 9.—With perf. act.:

    hanc te quoque ad ceteras tuas eximias virtutes, Masinissa, adjecisse velim,

    Liv. 30, 14, 6.—With perf. pass., Liv. 1, 23, 8 (v. II. A. 3. a. supra).—
    c.
    With ut (rare):

    de tuis velim ut eo sis animo, quo debes esse,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 14, 4. —
    d.
    With ne (rare), Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 23 (v. I. C. 2. supra).—
    2.
    With dependent verb in the third person, expressing a wish.
    a.
    With pres. subj.:

    ita se defatigent velim Ut, etc.,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 3:

    de Cicerone quae mihi scribis, jucunda mihi sunt: velim sint prospera,

    Cic. Att. 14, 11, 2:

    velim seu Himilco, seu Mago respondeat,

    Liv. 23, 12, 15:

    sint haec vera velim,

    Verg. Cir. 306:

    nulla me velim syllaba effugiat,

    Quint. 11, 2, 45.—With final clause:

    tu velim mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis consiliis utar,

    Cic. Att. 9, 16, 3; cf. id. ib. 11, 11, 2 (v. I. C. 2. supra).—With ellips. of pres. subj.:

    velim mehercule Asturae Brutus (i. e. sit),

    Cic. Att. 14, 11, 1.—
    b.
    With perf. subj. (a wish referring to the past):

    nimis velim improbissumo homini malas edentaverint,

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 2, 48.—
    c.
    With inf.-clause:

    ne ego nunc mihi modium mille esse argenti velim!

    Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 9: di me perdant! Me. Quodcunque optes, velim tibi contingere, id. Cist. 2, 1, 30:

    velim eum tibi placere quam maxime,

    Cic. Brut. 71, 249: idque primum ita esse velim;

    deinde etiam, si non sit, mihi persuaderi tamen velim,

    id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

    quod faxitis, deos velim fortunare,

    Liv. 6, 41, 12.—With perf. pass. inf. (v. I. B. 9. b. b, supra):

    edepol te hodie lapide percussum velim,

    Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33:

    moribus praefectum mulierum hunc factum velim,

    id. Aul. 3, 5, 30.—With inf.-clause understood:

    nimium plus quam velim nostrorum ingenia sunt mobilia,

    Liv. 2, 37, 4.—
    3.
    With verb in the first person.
    a.
    With inf. pres. (so most freq.):

    atque hoc velim probare omnibus, etc.,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47:

    velim scire ecquid de te recordere,

    id. Tusc. 1, 6, 13:

    quare te, ut polliceris, videre plane velim,

    id. Att. 11, 9, 3:

    nec vero velim... a calce ad carceres revocari,

    id. Sen. 23, 83:

    sed multitudo ea quid animorum... habeat scire velim,

    Liv. 23, 12, 7:

    interrogare tamen velim, an Isocrates Attice dixerit,

    Quint. 12, 10, 22.—With perf. inf. act., Ov. P. 3, 1, 9 (v. II. A. 3. c.).—
    b.
    With acc. and inf.:

    quod velis, modo id velim me scire,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 8.—So with perf. pass. inf.:

    ego praeterquam quod nihil haustum ex vano velim, Fabium... potissimum auctorem habui,

    Liv. 22, 7, 4.—
    c.
    With subj. pres.:

    eo velim tam facili uti possim et tam bono in me quam Curione,

    Cic. Att. 10, 8, 10 B. and K. ex conj. Mull. (Lachm., Hoffm. posse; al. possem).—
    4.
    Velim in the principal sentence of conditional clauses, I would, I should be willing:

    aetatem velim servire, Libanum ut (= si) conveniam modo,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 8:

    velim, si fieri possit,

    id. Truc. 2, 4, 12:

    si quid tibi compendi facere possim, factum edepol velim (redundant),

    id. ib. 2, 4, 26:

    si possim, velim,

    id. Stich. 4, 2, 9:

    nec velim (imitari orationes Thucydidis) si possim,

    Cic. Brut. 83, 287:

    si liceat, nulli cognitus esse velim,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 42.—
    5.
    The other persons of velim in potential use (rare).
    a.
    Velis.
    (α).
    Imperatively = cupito:

    quoniam non potest fieri quod vis, Id velis quod possit,

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 6:

    atque aliquos tamen esse velis tibi, alumna, penates,

    Verg. Cir. 331.—
    (β).
    Declaratively with indef. subj.: quom inopia'st, cupias; quando ejus copia'st, tum non velis, then you (i.e. people, they) do not want it, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 45.—
    (γ).
    Redundant, as a form of the imperative of the dependent verb, Ov. Am. 1, 4, 38 (v. I. A. 3. a. b); id. H. 1, 80 (v. II. A. 1. b.); id. M. 2, 746 (v. II. A. 1. c.).—
    b.
    Velit.
    (α).
    Modestly for vult:

    te super aetherias licentius auras Haud pater ille velit, etc.,

    Verg. A. 7, 558: nemo enim minui velit id in quo maximus fuit, would like that to be diminished in which, etc., Quint. 12, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 2, 104, and Ov. H. 9, 7 (v. I. E. 1. c. supra).— So, poet., instead of vellet with perf. inf.:

    ut fiat, quid non illa dedisse velit?

    Ov. Am. 2, 17, 30.—
    (β).
    = imperative of third person:

    arma velit, poscatque simul rapiatque juventus,

    Verg. A. 7, 340.—Redundantly, giving to the dependent verb the force of an imperative, Quint. 8, prooem. 12 (v. II. A. 1. c. supra; v. also I. A. 3. a. supra).—
    c.
    Velimus.
    (α).
    In the optative sense of velim:

    sed scire velimus quod tibi nomen siet,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 6, 18.—
    (β).
    With imperative sense (= let us, we should, etc.), Quint. 6, 3, 28 (v. I. A. 2. d. supra).—
    d.
    Velitis = velim velitis (i. e. jubeatis, jubete):

    novos consules ita cum Samnite gerere bellum velitis ut omnia ante nos bella gesta sunt,

    Liv. 9, 8, 10.—So especially in velitis jubeatis, a formula in submitting a law to the votes of the people in the comitia centuriata or tributa, let it be resolved and ordered by you:

    rogatus in haec verba populus: velitis jubeatisne haec sic fieri, si respublica populi Romani Quiritium, etc.,

    Liv. 22, 10, 2:

    velitis jubeatis, Quirites... uti de ea re Ser. Sulpicius praetor urbanus ad senatum referat, etc.,

    id. 38, 54, 3.—And parodied by Cic.:

    velitis jubeatis ut quod Cicero versum fecerit,

    Cic. Pis. 29, 72.—So in oblique discourse, vellent juberent:

    rogationem promulgavit, vellent juberent Philippo... bellum indici,

    Liv. 31, 6, 1:

    vellent juberentne se regnare,

    id. 1, 46, 1; cf.

    in the resolution of the people: plebis sic jussit: quod senatus... censeat, id volumus jubemusque,

    id. 26, 33, 14.—
    e.
    Velint, optative and redundant, Cic. Att. 11, 7, 7 (v. II. A. 1. d.); Ov. P. 1, 7, 8 (v. II. A. 1. c.).
    C.
    Vellem, as potential subjunctive, I wish, should like, should have liked, representing the wish as contrary to fact, while velim refers to a wish which may be realized:

    de Menedemo vellem verum fuisset, de regina velim verum sit,

    Cic. Att. 15, 4, 4. It is not used with imperative force; cf.:

    quod scribis, putare te... vellem scriberes, cur ita putares... tu tamen velim scribas,

    Cic. Att. 11, 24, 5.—Often quam vellem, how I wish, i. e. I wish very much; and in the same sense: nimium vellem, v. infra.
    1.
    With verb in first person.
    a.
    With inf. pres., I wish, would like, referring to present or future actions:

    videre equidem vos vellem, cum huic aurum darem,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 68:

    vellem equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus,

    Cic. Sen. 10, 32:

    vellem equidem vobis placere, Quirites, sed, etc.,

    Liv. 3, 68, 9:

    quam fieri vellem meus libellus!

    Mart. 8, 72, 9.—With cuperem and optarem:

    nunc ego Triptolemi cuperem conscendere currus... Nunc ego Medeae vellem frenare dracones... Nunc ego jactandas optarem sumere pennas, etc.,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 1 sqq.— [p. 2010] Rarely, I should have liked:

    tum equidem istuc os tuum inpudens videre nimium vellem!

    Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 49.—And in conditional sense:

    maerorem minui: dolorem nec potui, nec, si possem, vellem (i. e. minuere),

    Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2:

    certe ego, si sineres, titulum tibi reddere vellem,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 13:

    sic nec amari quidem vellem (i. e. if I were in his place),

    Sen. Ira, 1, 20, 4.—
    b.
    With perf. inf., I wish I had:

    abiit, vah! Rogasse vellem,

    I wish I had asked him, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 25:

    maxime vellem semper tecum fuisse,

    Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5:

    quam vellem petisse ab eo quod audio Philippum impetrasse,

    id. ib. 10, 4, 10:

    non equidem vellem, quoniam nocitura fuerunt, Pieridum sacris imposuisse manum,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 27:

    ante equidem summa de re statuisse, Latini, Et vellem, et fuerat melius,

    Verg. A. 11, 303. —
    c.
    With inf.-clause, the predicate being a perf. part. (v. I. B. 9. b. b, supra):

    virum me natam vellem,

    would I had been born a man! Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 9.—
    d.
    With subj. imperf. (rare):

    quam vellem, Panaetium nostrum nobiscum haberemus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15.—
    2.
    The subject of the dependent verb in the second person.
    a.
    With subj. imperf. (the regular construction):

    hodie igitur me videbit, ac vellem tum tu adesses,

    I wish you could be present, Cic. Att. 13, 7, 2:

    quam vellem de his etiam oratoribus tibi dicere luberet,

    I wish you would please, id. Brut. 71, 248.—
    b.
    With subj. pluperf., I wish you had:

    vellem Idibus Martiis me ad cenam invitasses,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 4, 1:

    quam vellem te ad Stoicos inclinavisses,

    id. Fin. 3, 3, 10:

    vellem suscepisses juvenem regendum,

    id. Att. 10, 6, 2:

    quam vellem Bruto studium tuum navare potuisses,

    id. ib. 15, 4, 5.—
    c.
    With ne and pluperf. subj.:

    tu vellem ne veritus esses ne parum libenter legerem tuas litteras,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 33, 2.—
    d.
    With ellipsis of verb: vera cantas, vana vellem (i. e. cantares). Plaut. Most. 3, 4, 41.—
    3.
    With verb in third person.
    a.
    With imperf. subj. (the regular construction):

    patrem atque matrem viverent vellem tibi (per ecthesin, v. I. E. b.),

    Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 106:

    vellem adesset Antonius, modo sine advocatis,

    Cic. Phil. 1, 7, 16:

    vellem nobis hoc idem vere dicere liceret,

    id. Off. 3, 1, 1:

    vellem adesse posset Panaetius,

    id. Tusc. 1, 33, 81:

    vellem hoc esset laborare,

    id. Or. 2, 71, 287.—
    b.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    vellem aliqui ex vobis robustioribus hunc male dicendi locum suscepissent,

    Cic. Cael. 3, 7:

    vellem dictum esset ab eodem etiam de Dione,

    id. ib. 10, 23; so id. ib. 31, 74; id. Brut. 44, 163:

    quam vellem Dareus aliquid ex hac indole hausisset!

    Curt. 3, 32 (12), 26.—
    c.
    With inf.-clause.
    (α).
    With inf. pres., I wish he were:

    quam non abesse ab hujus judicio L. Vulsionem vellem!

    Cic. Clu. 70, 198:

    nunc mihi... Vellem, Maeonide, pectus inesse tuum,

    Ov. F. 2, 120.—
    (β).
    With perf. inf. or part., I wish he had, had been:

    quam vellem Menedemum invitatum!

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 11:

    epistulas, quas quidem vellem mihi numquam redditas,

    Cic. Att. 11, 22, 1.—

    With ellipsis of predicate: illud quoque vellem antea (i. e. factum, or factum esse),

    Cic. Att. 11, 23, 3.—
    d.
    With ut, Cic. Sull. 1, 1; id. Fam. 7, 33, 2 (v. I. C. 1. a. supra).—
    4.
    With acc. of a neuter pronoun or of a noun:

    aliquando sentiam us nihil nobis nisi, id quod minime vellem, spiritum reliquum esse,

    Cic. Att. 9, 19, 2: tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem: apti essent ad id quod cogito, I would like to have (cf. I. E. 1. a.), id. ib. 13, 22, 2.—
    5.
    In the other persons of vellem (mostly poet.).
    a.
    Velles.
    (α).
    In optative sentences redundant, Verg. A. 11, 153 (v. II. A. 1. d.).—
    (β).
    Of an indefinite subject:

    velles eum (Senecam) suo ingenio dixisse, alieno judicio,

    Quint. 10, 1, 130.—
    b.
    Vellet.
    (α).
    In the potential sense of vellem: vellet abesse quidem;

    sed adest. Velletque videre, Non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum,

    Ov. M. 3, 247.—
    (β).
    Conditionally:

    quis vellet tanti nuntius esse mali (i. e. if in this situation)?

    Ov. H. 12, 146.—
    c.
    Vellent.
    (α).
    In the potential sense of vellem:

    quam vellent aethere in alto Nunc of pauperiem et duros perferre labores!

    Verg. A. 6, 436.—
    (β).
    Conditionally: nec superi vellent hoc licuisse sibi, would wish, i. e. if in this situation, Mart. 4, 44, 8.
    D.
    Volam and voluero.
    1.
    In gen.: respiciendus erit sermo stipulationis, utrumne talis sit: quem voluero, an quem volam. Nam si talis fuerit quem voluero, cum semel elegerit, mutare voluntatem non poterit;

    si vero... quem volam, donec judicium dictet, mutandi potestatem habebit,

    Dig. 45, 1, 112.—
    2.
    Volam in principal sentences.
    (α).
    = Engl. future, I shall wish, etc.:

    et commeminisse hoc ego volam te,

    I shall require you to recollect this, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 7: cum omnia habueris, tunc habere et sapientiam voles? will you also wish to have wisdom when? etc., Sen. Ep. 17, 8.—
    (β).
    Denoting present probability: et scilicet jam me hoc voles patrem exorare, ut, etc., you doubtless wish me, etc., Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 27.—
    3.
    In clauses dependent on predicates implying a future, generally rendered by an English present:

    quid si sors aliter quam voles evenerit?

    otherwise than as you wish, Plaut. Cas. 2, 5, 35:

    tum te, si voles, cum patriae quod debes solveris, satis diu vixisse dicito,

    then if you choose, if you will, Cic. Marcell. 9, 27:

    decedes cum voles,

    id. Att. 6, 3, 2:

    qui magis effugies eos qui volent fingere?

    those who are bent upon inventing, who will invent, falsehoods, id. ib. 8, 2, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 24:

    quod voles gratum esse, rarum effice,

    Sen. Ben. 1, 14, 1; cf. id. Brev. Vit. 7, 9: si di volent, the gods permitting, August. ap. Suet. Calig. 8:

    invenies, vere si reperire voles,

    Ov. P. 3, 1, 34; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 78; Tib. 1, 4, 45.—So, voluero:

    quem (locum) si qui vitare voluerit, sex milium circuitu in oppidum pervenit,

    who wishes to avoid this spot, Caes. B. C. 2, 24.
    E.
    Si vis, parenthetically.
    1.
    If you please (cf. sis, supra init.):

    paulum opperirier, Si vis,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 52:

    audi, si vis, nunc jam,

    id. Ad. 2, 1, 30:

    dic, si vis, de quo disputari velis,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13.—
    2.
    If you wish, choose, insist upon it:

    hanc quoque jucunditatem, si vis, transfer in animum,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 14:

    addam, si vis, animi, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 27, 89:

    concedam hoc ipsum, si vis, etc.,

    id. Div. 2, 15, 34.
    F.
    Quam, with any person of the pres. indic. or subj., or imperf. subj. or future, = quamvis, in a concessive sense, virtually, however, however much.
    1.
    3 d pers. sing.:

    quod illa, quam velit sit potens, numquam impetravisset (= quamvis sit potens),

    however powerful she may be, Cic. Cael. 26, 63:

    C. Gracchus dixit, sibi in somnis Ti. fratrem visum esse dicere, quam vellet cunctaretur, tamen eodem sibi leto... esse pereundum,

    id. Div. 1, 26, 56:

    quam volet jocetur,

    id. N. D. 2, 17, 46.—
    2.
    1 st pers. plur.:

    quam volumus licet ipsi nos amemus, tamen, etc.,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 9, 19.—
    3.
    2 d pers. plur.: exspectate facinus quam vultis improbum, vincam tamen, etc., expect a crime, however wicked ( ever so wicked), etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 11;

    but: hac actione quam voletis multi dicent,

    as many as you choose, id. ib. 2, 2, 42, § 102.—
    4.
    3 d pers. plur.:

    quam volent illi cedant, tamen a re publica revocabuntur,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 44, 113:

    quam volent in conviviis faceti, dicaces, etc., sint, alia fori vis est, alia triclinii,

    id. Cael. 28, 67;

    but: et ceteri quam volent magnas pecunias capere possint,

    as much money as they choose, id. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 142.
    G.
    Volo = malo, to prefer, with a comparative clause (rare):

    quodsi in ceteris quoque studiis a multis eligere homines commodissimum quodque, quam sese uni alicui certo vellent addicere, = si se eligere mallent quam se uni addicere,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 2, 5:

    malae rei quam nullius duces esse volunt,

    Liv. 3, 68, 11:

    famaene credi velis quanta urbs a te capta sit, quam posteris quoque eam spectando esse?

    id. 25, 29, 6.
    H.
    With magis and maxime.
    1.
    Magis velle: ut tu illam salvam magis velles quam ego, you wish more than I, etc., Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 17.—
    2.
    With maxime, to wish above all, more than any thing or any one else, to be most agreeable to one, to like best, to prefer (among more than two alternatives):

    quia id maxime volo ut illi istoc confugiant,

    wish above all, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 49; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 38:

    maxime vellem, judices, ut P. Sulla, etc.,

    Cic. Sull. 1, 1:

    caritate nos capiunt reges, consilio optimates, libertate populi, ut in comparando difficile ad eligendum sit, quid maxime velis,

    which you prefer, like best, id. Rep. 1, 35, 55; so, quemadmodum ego maxime vellem, id. Att. 13, 1, 1:

    tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem,

    above all others, id. ib. 13, 32, 2:

    alia excusanti juveni, alia recipienti futura, ita ut maxime vellet senatus responderi placuit,

    as it was most agreeable to him, Liv. 39, 47:

    si di tibi permisissent quo modo maxime velles experiri animum meum,

    in the manner most convenient to yourself, Curt. 3, 6, 12.
    K.
    In disjunctive co - ordination.
    1.
    With sive... sive:

    tu nunc, sive ego volo, seu nolo, sola me ut vivam facis,

    whether I choose or not, Plaut. Cist. 3, 14:

    itaque Campanos sive velint, sive nolint, quieturos,

    Liv. 8, 2, 13.—
    2.
    Without connectives.
    a.
    Vis tu... vis:

    congredi cum hoste liceat... vis tu mari, vis terra, vis acie, vis urbibus expugnandis experiri virtutem?

    Liv. 25, 6, 22.—
    b.
    Velim nolim.
    (α).
    Interrogatively, = utrum velim nec ne:

    velit nolit scire, difficile est,

    it is difficult to know whether he intends it or not, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 4.—
    (β).
    = seu velim seu nolim:

    ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa quaedam tuenda sententia,

    whether I will or not, Cic. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

    velim nolim, in cognomine Scipionum haeream necesse est,

    Val. Max. 3, 7, 3:

    mors interim adest, cui velis nolis vacandum est,

    Sen. Brev. Vit. 8, 5:

    hunc ita fundatum necesse est, velit nolit, sequatur hilaritas continua,

    id. Vit. Beat. 4, 4:

    velint nolint, respondendum est... beate vivere bonum non esse,

    id. Ep. 117, 4:

    praeterea futuri principes, velint nolint, sciant, etc.,

    Plin. Pan. 20 fin. Part. and P. a.: vŏlens, entis.
    A.
    As a part. proper, retaining the meaning and construction of velle, with the force of a relative or adverbial clause.
    1.
    Agreeing with some member of the sentence ( poet. and in post-class. prose;

    rare): neque illum... multa volentem Dicere praeterea vidit (= qui multa voluit dicere),

    Verg. G. 4, 501; id. A. 2, 790:

    nec me vis ulla volentem Avertet (i. e. si adhaerere foederi volo),

    id. ib. 12, 203: decemviri, minuere volentes hujuscemodi violentiam... putaverunt, etc., intending ( who intended) to diminish such a violence, etc., Gell. 20, 1, 34:

    Milo, experiri etiamtunc volens, an ullae sibi reliquae vires adessent... rescindere quercum conatus est,

    id. 15, 16, 3:

    scio quosdam testatores, efficere volentes ne servi sui umquam ad libertatem venirent, etc., hactenus scribere solitos,

    Dig. 40, 4, 61:

    si te volentem ad prohibendum venire, deterruerit aliquis, etc.,

    ib. 43, 24, 1, § 10.—
    2.
    Abl. absol. (not ante-Aug.):

    ne cujus militis scripti nomen nisi ipso volente deleretur,

    except with his consent, Liv. 7, 41, 4; so,

    Teum ex medio cursu classem repente avertit, aut volentibus iis usurus commeatu parato hostibus, aut ipsos pro hostibus habiturus,

    with their consent, id. 37, 27, 3:

    ponuntque ferocia Poeni Corda, volente deo,

    since the god willed it, Verg. A. 1, 303: Thrasippo supplicium a se voluntaria morte exigere volente, while he was about to inflict punishment on himself, etc., Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2: scire volentibus immortalibus dis an Romana virtus imperium orbis mereretur, it being the will of the gods to know, etc., Flor. 1, 13, 3 (1, 7, 3): qui sciente aut volente eo ad quem res pertinet, possessionem nanciscitur, with the knowledge and consent of the person who, etc., Dig. 41, 2, 6. —
    B.
    As adj., willing, voluntary, and hence, favorably disposed (opp. invitus).
    1.
    Attributively.
    a.
    In the phrase cum dis volentibus, lit. with the willing or favoring gods, i. e. with the will, permission, or favor of the gods: dono ducite doque volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 208 Vahl.):

    sequere hac, mea gnata, me cum dis volentibus,

    Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 4:

    cum dis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi Mani uti illaec suovetaurilia, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 141 (142).— And without cum, abl. absol.:

    virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti,

    Sall. J. 14, 19.—
    b.
    Volenti animo.
    (α).
    = cupide, eagerly:

    Romae plebes litteris quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant,

    Sall. J. 73, 3. —
    (β).
    On purpose, intentionally:

    consilio hanc omnes animisque volentibus urbem Adferimur,

    Verg. A. 7, 216.—
    2.
    Predicatively.
    a.
    Agreeing with the subject-nom. or subject - acc.
    (α).
    Voluntarily, willingly, [p. 2011] gladly (class.):

    (hi) divini generis appellentur... vobisque jure et lege volentes pareant,

    Cic. Univ. 11 fin.:

    quas victi ab hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pendere,

    Sall. J. 76, 6:

    quia volentes in amicitiam non veniebant,

    Liv. 21, 39, 4:

    si volentes ac non coacti mansissent in amicitia,

    id. 24, 37, 7:

    quocunque loco seu volens seu invitus constitisti,

    id. 7, 40, 13:

    itaque se numquam volentem parte qua posset rerum consilio gerendarum cessurum,

    id. 22, 27, 9:

    (virtus), quidquid evenerit, feret, non patiens tantum, sed etiam volens,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:

    non est referre gratiam quod volens acceperis nolenti reddere,

    id. Ben. 4, 40, 4:

    volens vos Turnus adoro,

    Verg. A. 10, 677; 3, 457; 6, 146;

    12, 833: date vina volentes,

    id. ib. 8, 275: ipsa autem macie tenuant armenta volentes ( on purpose), id. G. 3, 129.—And referring to subjects denoting things: quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura Sponte tulere sua, carpsit ( spontaneously and willingly), Verg. G. 2, 500.—
    (β).
    Favorably; with propitius, favorably and kindly, referring to the gods:

    precantes Jovem ut volens propitius praebeat sacra arma pro patria,

    Liv. 24, 21, 10:

    precantibus ut volens propitiaque urbem Romanam iniret,

    id. 29, 14, 13:

    in ea arce (Victoriam) sacratam, volentem propitiamque, firmam ac stabilem fore populo Romano,

    id. 22, 37, 12; 1, 16, 3; 7, 26, 3; 24, 38, 8; Inscr. Orell. 2489 sq.—Parodied by Plautus:

    agite, bibite, festivae fores! fite mihi volentes propitiae,

    Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 89.— Abl. absol.:

    omnia diis propitiis volentibusque ea faciemus,

    with the favor and help of the gods, Liv. 39, 16, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    si (Jovem) invocem ut dexter ac volens assit,

    Quint. 4, prooem. 5.—
    b.
    Agreeing with other terms of the sentence (rare): volenti consuli causa in Pamphyliam devertendi oblata est, a welcome cause was offered to the consul, etc., Liv. 38, 15, 3:

    quod nobis volentibus facile continget,

    if we wish, Quint. 6, 2, 30:

    is Ariobarzanem volentibus Armeniis praefecit,

    to their satisfaction, Tac. A. 2, 4:

    gemis... hominem, Urse, tuum, cui dulce volenti servitium... erat,

    to whom his servitude was sweet, since he liked it, Stat. S. 2, 6, 15:

    me mea virtus, etc., fatis egere volentem,

    Verg. A. 8, 133:

    saepe ille volentem castigabat erum,

    administered kindly received rebukes, Stat. S. 2, 6, 50.—
    c.
    In the phrase aliquid mihi volenti est or putatur, etc., something is welcome, acceptable to me, pleases me (= volens habeo or accipio aliquid; cf. the Gr. Humin tauta boulomenois estin, and, mihi aliquid cupienti est; v. cupio;

    rare but class.): uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore labos volentibus esset,

    that the equalization of labor was acceptable to the soldier, Sall. J. 100, 4:

    quia neque plebei militia volenti putabatur,

    id. ib. 84, 3 Dietsch:

    grande periculum maritumis civitatibus esse, et quibusdam volentibus novas res fore,

    that to some a change of the government would be welcome, Liv. 21, 50, 10:

    quibus bellum volentibus erat, probare exemplum,

    Tac. Agr. 18.— Impers. with subject - inf.: ceterisque remanere et in verba Vespasiani adigi volentibus fuit, to the rest it was acceptable to remain, etc., Tac. H. 3, 43.—With subject-inf. understood:

    si volentibus vobis erit, in medium profero quae... legisse memini,

    Macr. S. 7, 13, 11:

    si volentibus vobis erit, diem fabulis et epulis exigamus,

    id. ib. 1, 7; 2, 3 fin.; 6, 6 init. —
    3.
    As subst. (mostly post-Aug.).
    a.
    vŏlens, entis, m., = is qui vult, in the different meanings, and often with the construction of the verb.
    (α).
    One who wishes:

    nunc cis Hiberum castra Romana esse, arcem tutam perfugiumque novas volentibus res,

    Liv. 22, 22, 11:

    consulere se volentibus vacuas aures accommodavit,

    Val. Max. 5, 8, 3:

    quid opus libertate si volentibus luxu perire non licet,

    id. 2, 9, 5:

    discere meliora volentibus promptum est,

    i. e. it depends on our own will to learn better things, Quint. 11, 11, 12:

    nec sum in hoc sollicitus, dum res ipsa volentibus discere appareat,

    to the students, id. 8, 4, 15:

    mori volentibus vis adhibita vivendi,

    Suet. Tib. 61.—
    (β).
    One who intends, is about:

    juris ignorantia non prodest acquirere volentibus,

    i. e. in the acquisition of property, Dig. 22, 6, 7:

    si quis volentem incipere uti frui prohibuit,

    one who is about to enter upon a usufruct, ib. 43, 16, 3, § 14. —
    (γ).
    One who is willing:

    non refert quid sit quod datur, nisi a volente volenti datur,

    unless it is both willingly given and received, Sen. Ben. 2, 18, 8:

    ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt,

    those willing to follow, id. Ep. 107, 11.—
    (δ).
    One who consents:

    tutiusque rati volentibus quam coactis imperitare,

    to rule men with their consent, Sall. J. 102, 6:

    quippe rempublicam si a volentibus nequeat ab invitis jus expetituram,

    peaceably if they could, forcibly if they must, Liv. 3, 40, 4:

    si quis aliam rem pro alia volenti solverit,

    if one pays with the consent of the receiver, Dig. 46, 3, 46:

    nulla injuria est quae in volentem fiat,

    ib. 47, 10, 1, § 5.—
    (ε).
    One who does a thing voluntarily:

    pecuniam etiam a volentibus acceperant,

    the contributions of money were voluntary, Vell. 2, 62, 3:

    parce, puer, stimulis... (solis equi) Sponte sua properant. Labor est inhibere volentis (i. e. properare),

    Ov. M. 2, 128.—
    (ζ).
    Volens = bene volens: munificus nemo habebatur nisi pariter volens, unless he was just as kindly disposed, sc. as he was liberal, Sall. J. 103, 6.—Often referring to a previously mentioned noun:

    hunc cape consiliis socium et conjunge volentem,

    and unite with him, since he wishes it, Verg. A. 5, 712; so may be taken Ov. M. 2, 128 (v. e).—
    b.
    In the neutr. plur. (volentia) rare, always with dat., things pleasing, acceptable:

    Pompeius multis suspitionibus volentia plebi facturus habebatur,

    that he would do what pleased the common people, Sall. H. 4, 31 Dietsch:

    haec atque talia plebi volentia fuere,

    Tac. A. 15, 36 Draeg. ad loc. al.:

    iique Muciano volentia rescripsere,

    id. H. 3, 52.—Hence, adv.: vŏlenter, willingly, App. M. 6, p. 178, 4.
    2.
    vŏlo, āvi, ātum ( part. gen. plur. volantūm, Verg. A. 6, 728; Lucr. 2, 1083), 1, v. n. [Sanscr. val-, to turn one's self, etc.; cf.: vŏlucer, vēlox, and vol- in velivolus], to fly.
    I.
    Lit.: ex alto... laeva volavit avis, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 95 Vahl.):

    aves,

    Lucr. 6, 742:

    accipitres,

    id. 4, 1010:

    corvi,

    id. 2, 822:

    altam supra volat ardea nubem,

    Verg. G. 1, 364:

    volat ille per aëra magnum Remigio alarum,

    id. A. 1, 300:

    columbae venere volantes,

    id. ib. 6, 191; Prop. 2, 30 (3, 28), 30; Juv. 8, 251:

    apes,

    Ov. A. A. 1, 96; cf. Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112:

    volasse eum (Antonium), non iter fecisse diceres,

    Cic. Phil. 10, 5, 11.—Prov.:

    sine pennis volare haud facile est,

    Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 49.—
    2.
    P. a. as subst.: vŏlantes, ĭum, comm., the birds ( poet.), Lucr. 2, 1083; Verg. A. 6, 239; 6, 728.—
    II.
    Transf., to fly, i. e. to move swiftly like one flying, to fleet, speed, hasten along:

    i sane... vola curriculo,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 17; cf.:

    per summa levis volat aequora curru,

    Verg. A. 5, 819:

    medios volat ecce per hostes Vectus equo spumante Saces,

    id. ib. 12, 650:

    illa (Argo) volat,

    Ov. H. 6, 66:

    currus,

    Verg. G. 3, 181:

    axis,

    id. ib. 3, 107:

    nubes,

    Lucr. 5, 254:

    fulmina,

    id. 2, 213:

    tempestates,

    id. 6, 612:

    telum,

    id. 1, 971; cf. Sall. J. 60, 2; Verg. A. 9, 698; Liv. 26, 44, 7 al.:

    litterae Capuam ad Pompeium volare dicebantur,

    Cic. Att. 2, 19, 3:

    volat aetas,

    id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76:

    hora,

    Sen. Hippol. 1141:

    fama,

    Verg. A. 3, 121:

    et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 71.— Poet., with inf.:

    ast Erebi virgo ditem volat aethere Memphim Praecipere et Phariā venientem pellere terrā,

    Val. Fl. 4, 407.
    3.
    vŏlo, ōnis, m. [1. volo], a volunteer, first applied to the slaves who, after the battle at Cannæ, were enrolled upon their own expressed desire to serve (cf. Liv. 22, 57, 11; Val. Max. 7, 6, 1):

    volones dicti sunt milites, qui post Cannensem cladem usque ad octo milia, cum essent servi, voluntarie se ad militiam obtulere,

    Paul. Diac. p. 370:

    volones, quia sponte hoc voluerunt, appellati,

    Macr. S. 1, 11, 30:

    vetus miles tironi, liber voloni sese exaequari sineret,

    Liv. 23, 35, 6; 23, 32, 1; Capitol. Anton. Phil. 21, 6; Macr. S. 1, 11, 30.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > volo

  • 11 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 12 метод

    method, process, procedure, approach, technique, practice, tool, strategy
    • Безо всяких изменений данный метод подходит для... - The method lends itself readily to...
    • Более подходящим методом является... - A better technique is to...
    • Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    • Более подходящим методом является определение... - A more satisfactory method is to establish...
    • Большинство из этих более продвинутых методов требует... - Most of these more advanced methods require...
    • Были предложены несколько методов. - Several techniques have been suggested.
    • Было довольно нелегко разработать метод для... - It was fairly difficult to develop a method for...
    • Было довольно сложно разработать метод для... - It was quite difficult to develop a method for...
    • Было легко разработать метод для... - It was easy to develop a method for...
    • Было относительно легко (= просто) разработать метод для... - It was relatively easy to develop a method for... (not easy on an absolute scale, but less challenging than other tasks)
    • Было почти невозможно разработать метод для... - It was almost impossible to develop a method for... (so hard that we nearly failed)
    • В альтернативном методе мы вычисляем... - In the alternative method we calculate...
    • В данной главе мы представим метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    • В данном приближенном методе существенно... - In this approximation procedure it is essential to...
    • В качестве примера применения описанного выше метода мы показываем, что... - As an example of the method described above we show that...
    • В недавние годы этот метод был улучшен посредством использования (чего-л). - In recent years the subject has been enriched by the use of...
    • В основном мы следуем методу... - In essence we follow the procedure of...
    • В последние годы несколько авторов отказались от этого метода. - Several authors have, in recent years, departed from this procedure.
    • В своих основных чертах это был метод, использовавшийся Смитом [1]. - In essence, this was the method employed by Smith [1].
    • В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    • В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    • Вместо этого давайте разработаем (один) общий метод, посредством которого... - Instead, let us develop a general method whereby...
    • Во многих случаях необходимо обращаться за помощью к приближенным методам. - In many cases it is necessary to resort to approximate methods.
    • Возможно, безопасно применить метод... к... - It is probably safe to apply the method of... to...
    •
    Возможно, наилучшим методом является... - Perhaps the best approach is to...
    • Все вышеупомянутые методы не применимы для малых х. - The foregoing methods all fail for small x.
    • Второй метод вывода уравнения (1) формулируется следующим образом. - A second method of obtaining (1) is as follows.
    • Второй метод точно согласуется с... - The latter method agrees precisely with...
    • Вышеуказанным методом обнаружено (= найдено), что... - By the above method it is found that...
    • Геометрически метод состоит в следующем. - Geometrically, the procedure is as follows.
    • Главное преимущество данного метода заключается в том, что... - The chief advantage of the method is that...
    • Главным преимуществом данного метода является его общность. - The principal advantage of the method is its generality.
    • Главным преимуществом данного метода по сравнению с традиционными является то, что... - The major advantage of this procedure over the traditional method is that...
    • Главным преимуществом данного метода является его простота. - The principal virtue of the method is its simplicity.
    • Далее, в данном методе заранее предполагается, что... - Further, the method presupposes...
    • Данное свойство является основой одного метода нахождения... - This property provides one method of determining...
    • Данный метод был предложен в статье [1]. - The method was suggested by Smith, et al. [1].
    • Данный метод намного точнее, чем... - The present method is much more precise than...
    • Данный метод не применим для/в... - The method does not apply to...
    • Данный метод невозможно применить, когда/ если... - The method is not applicable when...
    • Данный метод одинаково успешно можно применять к... - The method can equally well be applied to...
    • Данный метод особенно подходит в случае, когда... - The method is particularly appropriate when...
    • Данный метод позволяет... - The method enables one to...
    • Данный метод позволяет исследователю... - The method allows an investigator to...
    • Данный метод применим к широкому классу (в широком классе)... - The method is applicable to a large class of...
    • Данный метод прост и довольно интересен, однако... - This method is simple and quite interesting, but...
    • Данный отчет описывает новый метод... - This report describes a new method of...
    • Данным методом можно решить ряд важных практических задач. - This method enables us to solve several problems of practical importance.
    • Детали этого метода можно найти в [1]. - Details of the method can be found in Smith [1].
    • Для... можно применить несколько методов. - Several methods are available for...
    • Для получения... был использован ряд методов. - A number of methods have been used to obtain...
    • Для преодоления этой трудности был разработан один метод. - One method has been advanced for overcoming this difficulty.
    • Должны быть развиты методы для измерения... - Methods should be developed for measuring...
    • Достоинство этого метода состоит в том, что... - The advantage of the method is that...
    • Другим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The other disadvantage of this procedure is that...; Another disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • Его метод доказательства весьма оригинален. - The method of proof is quite ingenious.
    • Единственный доступный нам в настоящее время метод - это... - The only method available to us so far is...
    • Единственным известным недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The only known disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • Еще одним методом является... - Still another approach is to...
    • Здесь рассматривается (один) общий метод получения этих решений. - A general method of obtaining these solutions is considered here.
    • Важность наших методов состоит в том, что они будут давать... - The significance of our methods is that they will yield...
    • Значительно более удобный метод состоит в том, что... - A far more convenient approach is to...
    • Имеются два обычно используемых метода для... - There are two commonly used methods for...
    • Имеются три метода решения такой задачи. - There are three ways of attacking such a problem.
    • Интересным альтернативным методом является следующий. - An interesting alternative procedure is as follows.
    • Используя данный метод, следует помнить, что... - In using this method it is well to remember that...
    • Используя любой подобный метод, необходимо (помнить и т. п.)... - With any method such as this it is necessary to...
    • Используя этот метод, они нашли, что... - Using the method, they found that...; Using the method, they learned that...; Using the method, they determined that...; Using the method, they discovered that...
    • Используя этот новый метод, мы можем... - By this new method it will be possible to...
    • Итак, мы наметим несколько методов, которые могут использоваться для того, чтобы... - We therefore outline some procedures which can be used to...
    • К сожалению, этот метод оказался неприменим. - Unfortunately, the method was not applicable; The method, unfortunately, was not applicable.
    • К счастью, имеется один простой и подходящий для этого метод. - Fortunately, there is a simple technique available for doing this.
    • Каков недостаток этого метода? - What is the disadvantage of this procedure?
    • Каковы преимущества данного метода? - What are the advantages of this procedure?
    • Конечно, это могло бы быть следствием неподходящих методов. - Of course, this could reflect the use of inappropriate methods.
    • Конечно, этот метод не всегда применим. - Of course, this method will not always work.
    • Коротко, мы будем интересоваться методами, которые... - In short, we will inquire into the ways in which...
    • Кратко опишем метод для его оценки. - A method for estimating this will be given shortly.
    • Метод... должен быть применен к/в... - The method of... should apply to...
    • Метод... мог бы быть надежно применен для... - The method of... could safely be applied to,..
    • Метод анализа, намеченный в предыдущем абзаце, показывает... - The method of analysis outlined in the last paragraph shows...
    • Метод может использоваться для оценки... - The method can be used to estimate...
    • Метод обладает очевидным преимуществом... - The method possesses the obvious advantage of...
    • Метод основывается на принципе, что... - This method is based on the principle that...
    • Метод перестает быть достаточно точным, если... - The method ceases to be reasonably accurate if...
    • Метод состоит в следующем. - The procedure is as follows.
    • Метод состоит из двух шагов. - The approach is in two steps.
    • Метод требует от пользователя обеспечить... - The method requires the user to provide...
    • Метод, который здесь описывается, требует... - The method to be described here involves...
    • Метод, который мы описали, в общем случае не подходит для... - The procedure we have described is not, in general, suitable for...
    • Метод, приведенный в этом параграфе, подобным образом может быть применен к... - The method of sections may be applied in a similar way to...
    • Метод, с помощью которой это было получено, известен как... - The technique by which this is achieved is known as...
    • Методы, которые мы рассмотрели, позволяют нам... - The methods we have considered enable us to...
    • Можно использовать множество методов. Например,... - A variety of methods may be employed, e. g.,...
    • Можно ожидать, что метод обеспечит нахождение по меньшей мере одного корня. - The method can be expected to provide at least one root.
    • Мы будем придерживаться этого метода. - We shall follow this method.
    • Мы ввели широкий класс методов решения... - We have introduced a wide range of procedures for solving...
    • Мы можем обратить метод и вывести, что... - We can reverse the process and deduce that...
    • Мы наметим в общих чертах метод, основанный на... - We will outline a procedure based on...
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение подобных методов до параграфа 5. - We defer the discussion of such methods to Section 5.
    • Мы принимаем полностью отличный от данного метод. - We adopt an entirely different method.
    • Мы проиллюстрируем данный метод для случая... - We shall illustrate the procedure for the case of...
    • Мы считаем, что метод... можно применять к/в... - We believe that the method of... is applicable to...
    • Мы увидим, что эти методы могут использоваться лишь тогда, когда... - It will be observed that these methods are only applicable when...
    • Мы упоминаем лишь два таких метода... - We mention only two such methods of...
    • На данный метод часто ссылаются как на... - This process is often referred to as...
    • На самом деле оба метода используются на практике. - Both methods are in fact used in practice.
    • На сегодняшний день важность этого метода заключается в том, что... - For the present, the significance of this process lies in the fact that...
    • Наиболее важным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - The primary advantage of this procedure is that...
    • Наиболее просто следовать этому методу в случае... - The procedure is most simply followed for the case of...
    • Наиболее часто используемые методы перечислены ниже:... - The methods that are most often used follow:...
    • Наиболее широко используемые методы основываются на... - The techniques most widely used are based on...
    • Наиболее широко используемый метод это тот, что был введен Смитом [1]. - The method most commonly employed is that introduced by Smith [1].
    • Наш метод будет весьма существенно отличаться от данного. - Our procedure will be quite different from this.
    • Нашей основной целью является описание систематических методов для... - Our first concern is to describe systematic methods for...
    • Не существует систематического метода определения... - There is no systematic way of determining...
    • Недостатком данного метода является то, что он требует... - The disadvantage of this procedure is that it requires...
    • Недостаток этого метода можно видеть... - The flaw in this approach can be seen by...
    • Несколько методов анализа были введены с помощью... - Several methods of analysis are introduced by means of...
    • Ни один из этих методов не требует... - Neither of these methods requires...
    • Ниже описываются два подобных метода. - Two such methods are described below.
    • Обнаружилось, что данный метод (здесь) не приложим. - It turned out that the method was not applicable.
    • Обнаружилось, что данный метод успешно используется в широкой области... - The method is found to be successful on a wide range of...
    • Обычно считают, что Смит [1] положил начало этому методу. - Smith [1] is usually credited with originating this method.
    • Обычным методом является измерение... - A common procedure is to measure...
    • Один такой несколько искусственный метод занимается... - One such trick is concerned with...
    • Одна элегантная версия данного метода использует... - An elegant version of this method employs...
    • Однако данный метод требует предварительного знания... - However, this method presupposes a knowledge of...
    • Однако лучше всего ввести этот метод, рассматривая... - However, the method is best introduced by considering...
    • Однако метод может не сработать даже при отсутствии... - However, the procedure may fail even in the absence of...
    • Однако мы воспользуемся здесь более общим методом, разработанным Воровичем [1]. - But we shall follow here a more general method due to Vorovich [1].
    • Однако мы легко можем разработать метод для... - We can, however, easily devise a means for...
    • Однако решения все еще могут быть получены при помощи чисто численных методов. - Solutions can still be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical methods.
    • Однако существует стандартный метод работы с... - However, there is a standard method of dealing with...
    • Однако этот метод не работает, будучи примененным к... - This approach, however, breaks down when applied to...
    • Однако этот метод совершенно не удовлетворяет нашим целям. - This procedure, however, falls far short of our goal.
    • Одним из преимуществ этого метода является то, что... - One advantage of this procedure is that...
    • Одним общим недостатком данного метода является наличие... - One common drawback of this method is the presence of...
    • Оказывается, данный метод первоначально появился в работах Смита [1]. - The method appears to have originated in the works of Smith [1].
    • Описанная выше процедура представляет один строгий метод... - The procedure described above represents a rigorous method of...
    • Описанный выше метод может быть использован для построения... - The procedure described above can be used to construct...
    • Описанный здесь метод всегда приводит... - The procedure described here always yields...
    • Основной слабостью метода является... - The main weakness of the method is...
    • Отличительным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - A distinct advantage of the procedure is that...
    • Отличный от вышеупомянутого метод был предложен Джонсом [1]. - A different method has been given by Jones [1].
    • Перед этим не имелось общепризнанного метода... - Prior to this, there was no generally accepted method of...
    • Подобные методы могут использоваться в более сложных ситуациях. - Similar methods may be employed in more complicated cases.
    • Подобный метод был рассмотрен Смитом [1], который... - Such a procedure has been considered by Smith [1], who...
    • Подобный метод может быть принят, когда... - A similar method may be adopted when...
    • Подобный метод применяется к/в... - A similar method applies to...
    • Пользуясь такими методами, мы можем избежать... - By such expediencies we can avoid...
    • Потенциальное преимущество данного метода состоит в том, что... - A potential advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that...
    • Поэтому мы применяем слегка модифицированный метод. - We therefore adopt a slightly different method.
    • Предпочтительным, однако, является метод... - The preferred method, however, is to...
    • Преимущество этого метода заключается в том, что... - The advantage of this method lies in the fact that...
    • Преимущество этого метода, следовательно, состоит в том, что он обеспечивает простой... - The advantage < this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a simple...
    • Применение данного метода ограничено... - The application of this method is confined to...
    • Применение данного метода показывает... - An application of this process shows...
    • Применение данного специального метода оправдано (чем-л). - The adoption of this particular method is justified by...
    • Проиллюстрируем общий метод, рассматривая... - We illustrate the general method by considering...
    • Рассматриваемые до сих пор методы касаются... - The methods considered so far have been concerned with...
    • Результаты всех этих методов согласуются с... - The results of all these methods are consistent with...
    • Решающим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The crucial disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • С другой стороны, этот метод даст... - On the other hand, this method will give...
    • Открытие Смита сделало возможным новый метод... - Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...
    • Самым простым из таких методов является (метод)... - The simplest such method is...
    • Следовательно, необходимо развить общий метод для... - It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general method for...
    • Следует подчеркнуть, что этот метод должен использоваться только если... - It is to be emphasized that this method should be used only; if...
    • Следует уделить внимание методам... - Attention should be given to methods of...
    • Следующее рассуждение иллюстрирует метод... - The following treatment illustrates the method of...
    • Следующим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - A further disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    • Смит [lj обнаружил метод для... - Smith [1] discovered a method for...
    • Смит [1] предложил метод вычисления... - Smith [l] has proposed a method of calculating...
    • Смит [1] применил этот метод к... - Smith [1] has applied this method to.,.
    • Стандартным методом является следующий. - The standard procedure is as follows.
    • Таким образом, мы имеем метод, который позволяет... - Thus we have a method which yields...
    • Тем не менее, развитые нами методы обеспечивают основу для... - However, the methods we have developed provide a basis for...
    • Теперь мы (полностью) готовы использовать методы, разработанные во втором параграфе. - We are now ready to use the methods of Section 2.
    • Теперь мы обсудим систематические методы, которые f можно использовать в/ при... - We now discuss systematic methods which can be applied to...
    • Теперь мы применим метод Римана, чтобы... - We now apply Riemann's method in order to...
    • Только что описанный метод известен как... - The procedure we have described is known as...
    • Тот же метод можно применять в/к... - The same method may be applied to...
    • Удобным методом достижения необходимой цели является... - A convenient way to accomplish this is to...
    • Усовершенствованные экспериментальные методы сделали возможным... - Refined experimental methods have made it possible to...
    • Фундаментальным преимуществом этого метода является то, что... - A fundamental advantage of this procedure is that...
    • Хотя этот метод и несколько необычен, он справедлив (= работает) как и любой из известных методов. - Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar methods.
    • Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...
    • Чтобы воспользоваться преимуществами данного метода, необходимо... - In order to take advantage of this procedure, one must...
    • Чтобы проиллюстрировать применение метода, мы... - То illustrate the process we...
    • Эдисон изобрел новый метод для... - Edison invented a new method for...
    • Эдисон обдумывал новый метод для... - Edison devised a new method for...
    • Эти методы вводятся в следующем параграфе. - These methods are introduced in the next section.
    • Эти методы весьма громоздки. - These processes are tedious.
    • Эти методы настолько чувствительны, что... - These methods are so sensitive that...
    • Эти методы нельзя применять в случае, когда... - These methods are not applicable in the case of...
    • Эти методы очень чувствительны к малым изменениям в... - These methods are very sensitive to small changes in...
    • Эти методы получают своих сторонников, так как... - These methods attract proponents because...
    • Этим методом (= На этом пути) мы можем получить (вывести и т. п.)... - In this way we can arrive at...
    • Это будет объяснено примерами, когда мы будем изучать метод... - This point will be clarified by examples when we study the method of...
    • Это известный метод, принятый во многих работах... - This is a familiar procedure, undertaken in many studies of...
    • Это иллюстрирует важный метод... - This illustrates an important method of...
    • Это можно увидеть двумя методами. - This can be seen in two ways.
    • Это несущественный недостаток метода, поскольку... - This is not a serious defect of the method because...
    • Это приводит к полезным методам обращения с... - This leads to useful ways of dealing with...
    • Это простой метод, который можно проиллюстрировать, рассматривая... - This is a simple procedure which can be illustrated by considering...
    • Этот метод аналогичен использованному в... - The procedure is similar to that used in...
    • Этот метод был описан Смитом [1]. - The method has been described by Smith [1].
    • Этот метод был последовательно доведен до полной эффективности Смитом [3]. - This method was subsequently brought to full fruition by Smith [3].
    • Этот метод вполне очевиден. - This procedure is quite straightforward.
    • Этот метод доказательства довольно общий и применим к... - The method of proof is quite general and applies to...
    • Этот метод известен как... - The procedure is known as...
    • Этот метод имеет следующие недостатки. - The procedure has the following disadvantages.
    • Этот метод интересен по следующей причине. - This method is of interest for the following reason.
    • Этот метод легко адаптируется к/ для... - This procedure is readily adaptable to...
    • Этот метод легко понять, замечая, что... - The process is easily understood by noting that...
    • Этот метод лучше всего иллюстрируется примером. - The procedure is best illustrated by an example.
    • Этот метод наиболее успешен в случае, когда он применяется в... - The method is most successful when applied to...
    • Этот метод очевидным образом может быть распространен на (случай)... - This process can clearly be extended to...
    • Этот метод принимается, поскольку... - This approach is adopted because...
    • Этот метод являлся стандартным в течение многих лет. Несмотря на более новые разработки он будет использоваться и далее. - This approach has been standard for many years, and will continue to be of great use regardless of newer developments.
    • Этот технически простой метод действительно требует... - This technically simple method does require...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > метод

  • 13 want

    wont
    1. verb
    1) (to be interested in having or doing, or to wish to have or do (something); to desire: Do you want a cigarette?; She wants to know where he is; She wants to go home.) querer; desear
    2) (to need: This wall wants a coat of paint.) necesitar, precisar, requerir
    3) (to lack: This house wants none of the usual modern features but I do not like it; The people will want (= be poor) no longer.) carecer (de); pasar miseria/necesidad

    2. noun
    1) (something desired: The child has a long list of wants.) deseo
    2) (poverty: They have lived in want for many years.) pobreza, miseria
    3) (a lack: There's no want of opportunities these days.) falta, ausencia; escasez
    •
    - want ad
    - want for
    want1 n falta / necesidad
    want2 vb
    1. querer
    what do you want to do? ¿qué quieres hacer?
    2. necesitar
    3. deber
    you don't want to do it like that! ¡no deberías hacerlo así!
    wanted se busca / se necesita
    tr[wɒnt]
    1 (lack) falta, carencia
    2 (desire, need) necesidad nombre femenino
    3 (poverty) miseria, indigencia
    1 (gen) querer
    ■ what do you want to drink? ¿qué quieres beber?
    ■ how much do you want for the bike? ¿cuánto pides por la bici?
    ■ what more do you want? ¿qué más quieres?
    2 familiar (need) necesitar
    4 formal use (lack) necesitar, carecer de, faltar
    5 (require to be present) buscar, requerir la presencia de; (seek, hunt) buscar
    6 (desire) desear, querer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in want estar necesitado,-a
    not to want to know (about something) no querer saber nada de algo
    to want some doing exigir mucho esfuerzo
    want ad SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL anuncio pequeño
    want ['wɑnt, 'wɔnt] vt
    1) lack: faltar
    2) require: requerir, necesitar
    3) desire: querer, desear
    want n
    1) lack: falta f
    2) destitution: indigencia f, miseria f
    3) desire, need: deseo m, necesidad f
    v.
    • carecer v.
    • carecer de v.
    • desear v.
    • estar necesitado v.
    • faltar v.
    • necesitar v.
    • querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
    n.
    • apuro s.m.
    • carencia s.f.
    • carestía s.f.
    • deseo s.m.
    • escasez s.f.
    • falta s.f.
    • laceria s.f.
    • menester s.m.
    • necesidad s.f.
    • pobreza s.f.

    I
    1. wɔːnt, wɒnt
    1)
    a) (require, desire) querer*

    (it's) just what I('ve) always wanted! — (set phrase) (es) justo lo que quería!

    the boss wants you — el jefe te quiere ver or quiere hablar contigo

    he's wanted on the phone — hay una llamada para él, lo llaman por teléfono

    does he want the book back? — ¿quiere que le devuelvan (or le devolvamos etc) el libro?

    to want to + INF — querer* + inf

    to want somebody/something to + INF — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    what do you want me to do? — ¿qué quieres que haga?

    to want somebody/something -ING — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    b) \<\<police\>\> buscar*

    he is wanted for murder/for questioning — lo buscan por asesinato/para interrogarlo

    how much does she want for the picture? — ¿cuánto pide por el cuadro?

    d) \<\<person\>\> ( sexually) desear
    2) ( need) necesitar

    gardener wanted — se necesita or se precisa jardinero


    2.
    vi ( lack) (frml) (usu with neg)

    you/they will want for nothing — no te/les faltará nada


    II
    1) c u (requirement, need) necesidad f

    to be in want of something — tener* necesidad de algo

    2) u (lack, absence) falta f, carencia f (frml)

    if she doesn't become champion, it won't be for want of trying — si no llega a ser campeona, no será porque no lo haya intentado

    3) u (destitution, penury) miseria f, indigencia f
    [wɒnt]
    1. VT
    1) (=desire, wish for)

    I want my mummy! — ¡quiero que venga mi mamá!

    I don't want you interfering! — ¡no quiero que te entrometas!

    • I've always wanted a car like this — siempre he querido un coche como este

    • we only want the best/what's best for you — solo queremos lo mejor para ti

    • what do you want for your birthday? — ¿qué quieres por tu cumpleaños?

    • what I want from a computer is... — lo que quiero de un ordenador es...

    • she was everything he wanted in a woman — era todo lo que él quería en una mujer

    • food was the last thing I wanted — comida era lo último que quería

    • I know when I'm not wanted — sé muy bien cuando sobro or estoy de más

    • where do you want the table? — ¿dónde quieres que pongamos la mesa?

    • what does he want with/of me? — ¿qué quiere de mí?

    • I want my son alive — quiero a mi hijo vivo

    • you want her back, don't you? — quieres que vuelva, ¿no?

    • I want him dead! — ¡lo quiero muerto!

    • I want her sacked! — ¡quiero que se la despida!, ¡quiero que la despidan!

    • the last thing we want is for them to feel obliged to help — lo último que queremos es que se sientan obligados a ayudar

    • without wanting to sound big-headed, I think I'll succeed — no quiero parecer engreído pero pienso que voy a tener éxito

    • I wouldn't want to hurt their feelings/cause them any problems — no quisiera herir sus sentimientos/causarles ningún problema

    2) (=ask for) [+ money] querer, pedir

    • she wants £500 for the car — quiere or pide 500 libras por el coche

    how much do you want for it? — ¿cuánto quiere or pide?

    • you don't want much! — iro ¡anda que no pides nada! iro

    3) (=seek) [police] buscar

    wanted: general maid — se necesita asistenta

    • he is wanted for robbery — se le busca por robo

    • you're wanted in the kitchen — te buscan en la cocina

    • you're wanted on the phone — te llaman al teléfono

    4) (=need, require) [person] necesitar

    children want lots of sleep — los niños necesitan or requieren muchas horas de sueño

    this car wants cleaning — a este coche le hace falta una limpieza, a este coche hay que limpiarlo

    • that's the last thing I want! * — ¡solo me faltaba eso! *

    • you want to be more careful when you're driving — tienes que tener más cuidado al conducir

    you want to see his new boat! — ¡tienes que ver su nuevo barco!

    • what you want is a good hiding — lo que necesitas or te hace falta es una buena paliza *

    what do you want with a house that size? — ¿para qué quieres una casa tan grande?

    5) (=lack)

    • the contract wants only her signature — al contrato solo le falta su firma

    2. VI
    1) (=wish, desire) querer

    • I want for you to be happy — (US) quiero que seas feliz

    2) (=lack)

    • they will not want for money or food — no les faltará ni dinero ni comida

    waste 3., 1)
    3. N
    1) (=lack) falta f

    • for want of sth — (at beginning of clause) a falta de algo; (at end of clause) por falta de algo

    for want of anything better to do, I decided to go home — a falta de algo mejor que hacer, decidí irme a casa

    for want of a better word — a/por falta de una palabra más apropiada

    he never did become a minister, but it was not for want of trying — nunca llegó a ministro, pero no fue por falta de intentarlo

    2) (=need) necesidad f

    • she had servants to attend to her every want — tenía sirvientes que atendían todas y cada una de sus necesidades

    • my wants are few — necesito poco

    • to be in want of sth — necesitar algo

    3) (=poverty) necesidad f, penuria f

    • to be in want — estar necesitado

    to live in want — pasar necesidades, vivir en la penuria

    4.
    CPD

    want ad * N — (US) anuncio m clasificado

    * * *

    I
    1. [wɔːnt, wɒnt]
    1)
    a) (require, desire) querer*

    (it's) just what I('ve) always wanted! — (set phrase) (es) justo lo que quería!

    the boss wants you — el jefe te quiere ver or quiere hablar contigo

    he's wanted on the phone — hay una llamada para él, lo llaman por teléfono

    does he want the book back? — ¿quiere que le devuelvan (or le devolvamos etc) el libro?

    to want to + INF — querer* + inf

    to want somebody/something to + INF — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    what do you want me to do? — ¿qué quieres que haga?

    to want somebody/something -ING — querer* que alguien/algo (+ subj)

    b) \<\<police\>\> buscar*

    he is wanted for murder/for questioning — lo buscan por asesinato/para interrogarlo

    how much does she want for the picture? — ¿cuánto pide por el cuadro?

    d) \<\<person\>\> ( sexually) desear
    2) ( need) necesitar

    gardener wanted — se necesita or se precisa jardinero


    2.
    vi ( lack) (frml) (usu with neg)

    you/they will want for nothing — no te/les faltará nada


    II
    1) c u (requirement, need) necesidad f

    to be in want of something — tener* necesidad de algo

    2) u (lack, absence) falta f, carencia f (frml)

    if she doesn't become champion, it won't be for want of trying — si no llega a ser campeona, no será porque no lo haya intentado

    3) u (destitution, penury) miseria f, indigencia f

    English-spanish dictionary > want

  • 14 además

    adv.
    besides, also, furthermore, moreover.
    intj.
    furthermore, additionally.
    pres.indicat.
    2nd person singular (tú) present indicative of spanish verb: ademar.
    * * *
    1 (también) also, as well
    2 (es más) furthermore, what is more
    ■ ¡y además, el coche es mío! and what's more, the car's mine!
    \
    además de as well as, in addition to
    ■ además de gordo es feo as well as being fat, he's ugly
    * * *
    adv.
    also, besides, furthermore, moreover
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=también) [para añadir otro elemento] also, in addition frm; [para reforzar un comentario] what's more, besides, furthermore frm, moreover frm

    hay, además, pistas de tenis y campos de golf — there are also tennis courts and golf courses, in addition, there are tennis courts and golf courses frm

    y además, me dijo que no me quería — and what's more o and besides, he told me he didn't love me

    estoy cansado y, además, no me apetece — I'm tired, and what's more o besides, I don't feel like it

    quiero decirle, además, que esa no era mi intención — furthermore o moreover I want to tell you that that was not my intention frm

    2)

    • además de — as well as, besides, in addition to frm

    además del alojamiento, necesitamos la comida — as well as o besides somewhere to stay we need food

    además de una fotocopia, se requiere el documento original — as well as o frm in addition to a photocopy, we require the original document

    el examen fue largo, además de difícil — the exam was long as well as difficult

    • además de que — + indic as well as + ger

    además de que estaba cansado, no había comido — as well as being tired he hadn't eaten

    * * *
    1)

    además ¿a mí qué me importa? — anyway, what do I care?

    y es que además, la insultó — on top of everything else he insulted her

    señaló, además, que su objetivo era... — he indicated, furthermore o moreover, that his aim was to... (frml)

    2)

    además de — besides, apart from

    además de eso, está la cuestión del dinero — apart from that there is the question of money

    además de hacerte mal, engorda — besides o apart from o as well as being bad for you, it's also fattening

    además de hacerlos, los diseña — he designs them as well as making them

    * * *
    = additionally, also, aside, Verbo + further, further, furthermore, moreover, to boot, at that, for what it's worth [FWIW], and all, beyond that, withal, plus.
    Ex. Additionally, menu-based information retrieval systems permit the selected option to be indicated on a simple numerical keypad if so designed.
    Ex. This simple observation also goes some of the way towards explaining the variety of tools, methods and systems which are encountered in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex. Cost considerations aside, an informative abstract is to be preferred in most instances.
    Ex. Main classes are divided into subclasses which are further subdivided into form, place, time and subject aspects.
    Ex. Further, no guidance can be expected on alternative terms that are related to the searcher's initial search term.
    Ex. Furthermore, since each systems indexes a separate set of documents, each system will have a different natural indexing language.
    Ex. Moreover, it was stated that only selected elements of subject indexing will be included.
    Ex. Such information will soon be replete with the requisite illustrations and, if need be, with sound explanations to boot.
    Ex. Terry Lugg, on the other hand, is a much less active borrower, though more active than Stephen Hathaway, and takes books from the science collection, the pure sciences at that.
    Ex. For what it's worth, you can greatly extend the range by using an antenna.
    Ex. There is no better way for reference librarians to see how their efforts are perceived by library users than to see themselves in action -- blunders and all.
    Ex. Beyond that, a library can create these commons in cyberspace as well as in public buildings = Más aún, la biblioteca puede crear estos espacios públicos comunes en el ciberespacio además de en los edificios públicos.
    Ex. And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not.
    Ex. All of these (except PREVIOUS and NEXT), plus some additional commands are also available from the Command Menu.
    ----
    * además de = along with, apart from, as well as, besides, coupled with, in addition (to), over and above, plus, quite apart from, aside from, on top of, other than, complete with, not least, beyond, together with, not to mention.
    * además de eso = add to this, beyond that.
    * además de..., hay otros + Nombre = with..., there are + other + Nombre.
    * además del belga = extra-Belgian.
    * además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * Adjetivo + y además + Adjetivo = Adjetivo + if + Adjetivo.
    * referencia "véase además" = see also reference.
    * véase además = see also.
    * y además = then again, and on top of that.
    * y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * * *
    1)

    además ¿a mí qué me importa? — anyway, what do I care?

    y es que además, la insultó — on top of everything else he insulted her

    señaló, además, que su objetivo era... — he indicated, furthermore o moreover, that his aim was to... (frml)

    2)

    además de — besides, apart from

    además de eso, está la cuestión del dinero — apart from that there is the question of money

    además de hacerte mal, engorda — besides o apart from o as well as being bad for you, it's also fattening

    además de hacerlos, los diseña — he designs them as well as making them

    * * *
    = additionally, also, aside, Verbo + further, further, furthermore, moreover, to boot, at that, for what it's worth [FWIW], and all, beyond that, withal, plus.

    Ex: Additionally, menu-based information retrieval systems permit the selected option to be indicated on a simple numerical keypad if so designed.

    Ex: This simple observation also goes some of the way towards explaining the variety of tools, methods and systems which are encountered in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex: Cost considerations aside, an informative abstract is to be preferred in most instances.
    Ex: Main classes are divided into subclasses which are further subdivided into form, place, time and subject aspects.
    Ex: Further, no guidance can be expected on alternative terms that are related to the searcher's initial search term.
    Ex: Furthermore, since each systems indexes a separate set of documents, each system will have a different natural indexing language.
    Ex: Moreover, it was stated that only selected elements of subject indexing will be included.
    Ex: Such information will soon be replete with the requisite illustrations and, if need be, with sound explanations to boot.
    Ex: Terry Lugg, on the other hand, is a much less active borrower, though more active than Stephen Hathaway, and takes books from the science collection, the pure sciences at that.
    Ex: For what it's worth, you can greatly extend the range by using an antenna.
    Ex: There is no better way for reference librarians to see how their efforts are perceived by library users than to see themselves in action -- blunders and all.
    Ex: Beyond that, a library can create these commons in cyberspace as well as in public buildings = Más aún, la biblioteca puede crear estos espacios públicos comunes en el ciberespacio además de en los edificios públicos.
    Ex: And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not.
    Ex: All of these (except PREVIOUS and NEXT), plus some additional commands are also available from the Command Menu.
    * además de = along with, apart from, as well as, besides, coupled with, in addition (to), over and above, plus, quite apart from, aside from, on top of, other than, complete with, not least, beyond, together with, not to mention.
    * además de eso = add to this, beyond that.
    * además de..., hay otros + Nombre = with..., there are + other + Nombre.
    * además del belga = extra-Belgian.
    * además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * Adjetivo + y además + Adjetivo = Adjetivo + if + Adjetivo.
    * referencia "véase además" = see also reference.
    * véase además = see also.
    * y además = then again, and on top of that.
    * y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).

    * * *
    A
    estudia y además trabaja she's working as well as studying
    es caro y además no te queda bien it's expensive, and anyway o besides, it doesn't look right on you
    además ¿a mí qué me importa? anyway, what do I care?
    recuerdo, además, que iba vestida de azul I remember, moreover, that she was wearing blue o furthermore, I remember that she was wearing blue
    señaló, además, que su objetivo era … he indicated, furthermore o moreover, that his aim was to … ( frml)
    se casó con ella por el dinero, … y es que además te lo dice he married her for her money, and what's more, he'll tell you so himself
    B
    además de besides, apart from
    además de caro, es feo y demasiado grande not only is it expensive, it's also ugly and too big, besides being expensive, it's also ugly and too big
    además de + INF:
    además de hacerte mal, engorda apart from o as well as o besides being bad for you, it's also fattening
    * * *

     

    además adverbio
    1

    ◊ además habla ruso she speaks Russian as well o too



    ◊ además ¿a mí qué me importa? anyway, what do I care?

    2

    además de hacerte mal, engorda besides o apart from being bad for you, it's also fattening;
    además de hacerlos, los diseña he designs them as well as making them
    además adverbio moreover, furthermore: además, es un engreído, besides, he's arrogant
    además de, as well as: además de ser barata, es preciosa, as well as being cheap, it's also beautiful
    ' además' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amén
    - añadidura
    - aparte
    - encima
    - junta
    - junto
    - otra
    - otro
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - poder
    - sobre
    - también
    - lado
    - más
    - parte
    English:
    addition
    - again
    - also
    - bargain
    - besides
    - bonus
    - both
    - furthermore
    - in
    - moreover
    - over
    - plus
    - still
    - well
    - aside
    - further
    - moonlight
    - more
    - that
    - then
    * * *
    además adv
    moreover, besides;
    [también] also;
    es guapa y además inteligente she's beautiful, and clever too;
    dijo, además, que no pensaba retirarse she also said that she didn't intend to retire;
    canta muy bien y además toca la guitarra not only does she sing very well, she also plays the guitar;
    no sólo es demasiado grande, sino que además te queda mal it's not just that it's too big, it doesn't suit you either;
    además hay que tener en cuenta que… it should, moreover, be remembered that…;
    además de as well as;
    además de simpático es inteligente as well as being nice, he's intelligent;
    además de perder el partido, enfadaron a la afición on top of losing the match they upset their supporters
    * * *
    I adv as well, besides
    II prp
    :
    además de as well as
    * * *
    además adv
    1) : besides, furthermore
    2)
    además de : in addition to, as well as
    * * *
    además adv
    1. (encima) what's more
    y además, ni siquiera es suyo and what's more, it's not even his
    2. (también) also / as well
    nos dieron comida y, además, algo de dinero they gave us some food and some money as well

    Spanish-English dictionary > además

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 destacar

    v.
    1 to emphasize, to highlight (poner de relieve).
    cabe destacar que… it is important to point out that…
    hay que destacar el trabajo de los actores the acting deserves special mention
    Ella destaca sus logros She highlights his achievements.
    Ella destacó su importancia She emphasized its importance.
    2 to station (tropas).
    3 to stand out.
    destaca entre sus otras novelas por su humor it stands out among her other novels for o because of its humor
    Sus logros destacan His achievements stand out.
    4 to put on the front, to deploy, to detach, to put at the front line.
    Ricardo destacó al alumno Richard put the student on the front.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (despuntar) to stand out
    1 MILITAR to detach
    2 (en pintura) to highlight, make stand out
    3 figurado (dar énfasis) to point out, emphasize
    1 to stand out
    * * *
    verb
    1) to highlight, emphasize
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hacer resaltar) to emphasize

    quiero destacar que... — I wish to emphasize that...

    2) (Mil) to detach, detail
    3) (Inform) to highlight
    2.
    VI
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    2) ( realzar) <belleza/figura> to enhance; <color/plano> to bring out
    3)
    a) (Mil) < tropas> to post

    destacar a alguien para + inf — to detail somebody to + inf

    b) <periodista/fotógrafo> to send
    2.
    destacar vi to stand out

    destacar en algo — to excel at o in something

    * * *
    = bring into + focus, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], give + prominence, give + emphasis, highlight, make + Posesivo + mark, single out, illuminate, heighten, stand out in + the text, play up, stand out, foreground, lay + emphasis on, be to the fore, bring to + the fore, come to + the fore, give + highlights, excel, spotlight, bring to + the forefront, place + great store on, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, have + high profile, bring + attention to, stand + apart, shine, deploy, flag + Nombre + up, stand + proud.
    Ex. The current technological scene is reviewed to bring fee-related issues into sharper focus.
    Ex. Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex. Provision should be on the basis of quality and originality, with classic works of the genre given prominence.
    Ex. Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.
    Ex. In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex. Prior to that date he had already begun to make his mark.
    Ex. Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.
    Ex. This appraisal attempts to illuminate aspects of Irish library history omitted from international reference works.
    Ex. Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
    Ex. Both Dialog and Chemical Abstracts Service stand out in the text.
    Ex. A long-standing but unfortunate tradition plays up antagonism between those librarians who become catalogers and those who opt for reference or public service.
    Ex. Three national library catalogues stand out as highly important sources of general bibliography.
    Ex. His survey of how such poetry has been edited in recent years, however, shows that a single edition is still foregrounded while other editions are only obliquely indicated via footnotes.
    Ex. Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.
    Ex. Those countries which were already to the fore in science and technology certainly faced problems in the handling of information.
    Ex. Installation of new computer terminals may bring the problem to the fore.
    Ex. As this table shows, the age profile for all borrowers is very close to that of all adults in the country but when one looks at the more frequent users, the regular borrowers, the older people come more to the fore.
    Ex. This article gives highlights of a trade show on the applications of optical information systems in publishing organised by Learned Information and held in New York City, 15-17 Oct 86.
    Ex. Expert systems represent an attempt to harness, as an intellectual tool, those features of the computer where it excels in the handling of data.
    Ex. This article spotlights the role that authority files play in promoting uniformity of cataloguing practice.
    Ex. This theft of valuable letters and documents brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in the nation's archives.
    Ex. The IFLA letter places great store on the number of FID members who are also IFLA members.
    Ex. This article pesents an interview with George Cunningham who sees his role as creating a high profile for the library profession and fostering a love of books.
    Ex. The course gives information technology a very high profile.
    Ex. Before the launch of Penguin Books India in 1987, trade publishing in English in India did not have the high profile in bookstores it has today..
    Ex. In crisp, economical prose, the journal calmly brought attention to the nooks and crannies, and absurdities of university life, concerning itself with both the idiosyncratic and the profound.
    Ex. There are many books published in the world and of many kinds, but one category stands apart: books that come under the heading of literature.
    Ex. A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.
    Ex. Any attack on Iran will require that military forces quickly deploy to Dubai to forestall the closing of the strait.
    Ex. If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    Ex. Even now, hundreds of years after his death, his timepieces stand proud in historic buildings around the world.
    ----
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * destacar en = pull off on.
    * destacar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * destacar por encima de los demás = stand out from + the rest, stand out above + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * destacar sobre los demás = stand out above + the rest, stand out from + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * es de destacar que = significantly.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * hay que destacar = importantly.
    * sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.
    * sin nada que destacar = uneventful.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    2) ( realzar) <belleza/figura> to enhance; <color/plano> to bring out
    3)
    a) (Mil) < tropas> to post

    destacar a alguien para + inf — to detail somebody to + inf

    b) <periodista/fotógrafo> to send
    2.
    destacar vi to stand out

    destacar en algo — to excel at o in something

    * * *
    = bring into + focus, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], give + prominence, give + emphasis, highlight, make + Posesivo + mark, single out, illuminate, heighten, stand out in + the text, play up, stand out, foreground, lay + emphasis on, be to the fore, bring to + the fore, come to + the fore, give + highlights, excel, spotlight, bring to + the forefront, place + great store on, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, have + high profile, bring + attention to, stand + apart, shine, deploy, flag + Nombre + up, stand + proud.

    Ex: The current technological scene is reviewed to bring fee-related issues into sharper focus.

    Ex: Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex: Provision should be on the basis of quality and originality, with classic works of the genre given prominence.
    Ex: Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.
    Ex: In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex: Prior to that date he had already begun to make his mark.
    Ex: Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.
    Ex: This appraisal attempts to illuminate aspects of Irish library history omitted from international reference works.
    Ex: Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
    Ex: Both Dialog and Chemical Abstracts Service stand out in the text.
    Ex: A long-standing but unfortunate tradition plays up antagonism between those librarians who become catalogers and those who opt for reference or public service.
    Ex: Three national library catalogues stand out as highly important sources of general bibliography.
    Ex: His survey of how such poetry has been edited in recent years, however, shows that a single edition is still foregrounded while other editions are only obliquely indicated via footnotes.
    Ex: Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.
    Ex: Those countries which were already to the fore in science and technology certainly faced problems in the handling of information.
    Ex: Installation of new computer terminals may bring the problem to the fore.
    Ex: As this table shows, the age profile for all borrowers is very close to that of all adults in the country but when one looks at the more frequent users, the regular borrowers, the older people come more to the fore.
    Ex: This article gives highlights of a trade show on the applications of optical information systems in publishing organised by Learned Information and held in New York City, 15-17 Oct 86.
    Ex: Expert systems represent an attempt to harness, as an intellectual tool, those features of the computer where it excels in the handling of data.
    Ex: This article spotlights the role that authority files play in promoting uniformity of cataloguing practice.
    Ex: This theft of valuable letters and documents brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in the nation's archives.
    Ex: The IFLA letter places great store on the number of FID members who are also IFLA members.
    Ex: This article pesents an interview with George Cunningham who sees his role as creating a high profile for the library profession and fostering a love of books.
    Ex: The course gives information technology a very high profile.
    Ex: Before the launch of Penguin Books India in 1987, trade publishing in English in India did not have the high profile in bookstores it has today..
    Ex: In crisp, economical prose, the journal calmly brought attention to the nooks and crannies, and absurdities of university life, concerning itself with both the idiosyncratic and the profound.
    Ex: There are many books published in the world and of many kinds, but one category stands apart: books that come under the heading of literature.
    Ex: A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.
    Ex: Any attack on Iran will require that military forces quickly deploy to Dubai to forestall the closing of the strait.
    Ex: If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    Ex: Even now, hundreds of years after his death, his timepieces stand proud in historic buildings around the world.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * destacar en = pull off on.
    * destacar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * destacar por encima de los demás = stand out from + the rest, stand out above + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * destacar sobre los demás = stand out above + the rest, stand out from + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * es de destacar que = significantly.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * hay que destacar = importantly.
    * sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.
    * sin nada que destacar = uneventful.

    * * *
    destacar [A2 ]
    vt
    A (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    destacó la gravedad de la situación he underlined o stressed o emphasized the gravity of the situation
    B ( Art) to highlight, bring out
    C
    1 (enviar) ‹tropas› to post
    fueron destacados para defender el puente they were detailed to defend the bridge
    2 ‹periodista/fotógrafo› to send
    ■ destacar
    vi
    to stand out
    el trabajo destaca por su originalidad the work is remarkable for o stands out because of its originality
    el marco hace destacar aún más la belleza del cuadro the frame further enhances the beauty of the picture
    destacó como autor teatral he was an outstanding playwright
    a lo lejos destacaba el campanario de la iglesia the church tower stood out in the distance
    nunca destacó como estudiante he never excelled o shone as a student
    destaca entre los de su edad por su estatura he stands out from others of his age because of his height
    * * *

     

    destacar ( conjugate destacar) verbo transitivo
    1 (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    2 ( realzar) ‹belleza/figura› to enhance;
    ‹color/plano› to bring out
    3
    a) (Mil) ‹ tropas› to post

    b) ‹periodista/fotógrafo› to send

    verbo intransitivo
    to stand out;
    destacar en algo to excel at o in sth
    destacar vtr fig to emphasize, stress
    destacar(se) verbo intransitivo & verbo reflexivo to stand out
    ' destacar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brillar
    - despuntar
    - destacarse
    - perfilarse
    - realzar
    - resaltar
    - sobresalir
    - subrayar
    English:
    angular
    - detail
    - highlight
    - shine
    - stand out
    - crowd
    - excel
    - heighten
    - stand
    - tower
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner de relieve] to emphasize, to highlight;
    debo destacar lo importante que es la operación I must stress o emphasize how important the operation is;
    cabe destacar que… it is important to point out that…;
    hay que destacar el trabajo de los actores the acting deserves special mention
    2. [tropas] to station;
    [corresponsales] to assign, to send
    ♦ vi
    [sobresalir] to stand out;
    tiene afán por destacar she is keen to excel;
    destacó como concertista de piano he was an outstanding concert pianist;
    hay una alumna que destaca de los demás/entre todos there is one student who stands out from the others/from all the others;
    destaca en sus estudios she is an outstanding student;
    destaca entre sus otras novelas por su humor it stands out from her other novels for o because of its humour;
    destaca mucho por su imponente físico he really stands out because of his impressive physique;
    un pueblo que no destaca por nada en particular a town that is not remarkable for anything in particular, a rather unremarkable town
    * * *
    I v/i stand out
    II v/t emphasize
    * * *
    destacar {72} vt
    1) enfatizar, subrayar: to emphasize, to highlight, to stress
    2) : to station, to post
    : to stand out
    * * *
    1. (resaltar) to point out / to emphasize
    2. (sobresalir) to stand out [pt. & pp. stood]

    Spanish-English dictionary > destacar

  • 17 acuerdo

    m.
    1 agreement (pacto).
    llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement
    acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    acuerdo tácito tacit agreement
    2 resolution.
    3 settlement of a claim.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: acordar.
    * * *
    1 agreement
    \
    ¡de acuerdo! all right!, O.K.!
    de acuerdo con in accordance with
    de común acuerdo by mutual agreement, by common consent
    estar de acuerdo to agree ( con, with)
    llegar a un acuerdo to come to an agreement
    acuerdo marco framework agreement
    * * *
    noun m.
    agreement, deal, understanding
    - de acuerdo con
    - estar de acuerdo
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=decisión conjunta) agreement; [implícito, informal] understanding; [de negocios] deal

    • de común acuerdo — by mutual agreement, by mutual consent

    • de o por mutuo acuerdo — by mutual agreement, by mutual consent

    • tomar un acuerdo, no tomaron ni un solo acuerdo en la reunión — nothing was agreed on in the meeting

    acuerdo de desarme — disarmament agreement, arms agreement

    acuerdo de pago respectivo — (Com) knock-for-knock agreement, no-fault agreement (EEUU)

    acuerdo tácito — unspoken agreement, tacit agreement

    2)

    • de acuerdo —

    a) [independiente] OK, all right

    sí, de acuerdo — yes, OK, yes, all right

    cada uno pondremos 40 euros ¿de acuerdo? — we'll each put in 40 euros, OK o all right?

    b)

    • estar de acuerdo — to agree, be in agreement frm

    en eso estamos de acuerdo — we agree on that, we're in agreement on that frm

    c)

    • ponerse de acuerdo — to come to an agreement, reach (an) agreement

    aún no nos hemos puesto de acuerdo — we still haven't come to an agreement, we still haven reached (an) agreement

    d)

    • de acuerdo con — according to, in accordance with frm

    todo se hizo de acuerdo con las reglas — everything was done according to o frm in accordance with the regulations

    de acuerdo con el artículo 27 — as laid down in article 27, in accordance with article 27 frm

    de acuerdo con estas fuentes, las dos mujeres fueron secuestradas — according to these sources, the two women were kidnapped

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( arreglo) agreement

    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo — to reach an agreement

    b) ( pacto) agreement

    acuerdo de paz — peace agreement o (frml) accord

    a)

    de acuerdo: estar de acuerdo to agree; ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement; estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something; estamos de acuerdo en que... we all agree o we're all agreed that...; estar de acuerdo con alguien/algo to agree with somebody/something; no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't think we should pay him so much; ¿mañana a las ocho? - de acuerdo — (indep) tomorrow at eight? - OK o all right

    b)

    de acuerdo con or a — in accordance with

    * * *
    = agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex. A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.
    Ex. Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.
    Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex. A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.
    Ex. The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.
    Ex. Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.
    Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex. Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.
    Ex. Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.
    Ex. These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    ----
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.
    * acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.
    * acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.
    * acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.
    * acuerdo escrito = written agreement.
    * acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.
    * acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.
    * acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.
    * acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.
    * acuerdo secreto = secret deal.
    * acuerdo sindical = union contract.
    * acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.
    * acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.
    * alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.
    * celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.
    * concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.
    * dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.
    * firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.
    * firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.
    * llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.
    * llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.
    * negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.
    * no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.
    * no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.
    * respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( arreglo) agreement

    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo — to reach an agreement

    b) ( pacto) agreement

    acuerdo de paz — peace agreement o (frml) accord

    a)

    de acuerdo: estar de acuerdo to agree; ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement; estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something; estamos de acuerdo en que... we all agree o we're all agreed that...; estar de acuerdo con alguien/algo to agree with somebody/something; no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't think we should pay him so much; ¿mañana a las ocho? - de acuerdo — (indep) tomorrow at eight? - OK o all right

    b)

    de acuerdo con or a — in accordance with

    * * *
    = agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex: A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.
    Ex: Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.
    Ex: The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex: A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.
    Ex: The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.
    Ex: Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.
    Ex: These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex: Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.
    Ex: Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.
    Ex: These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.
    * acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.
    * acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.
    * acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.
    * acuerdo escrito = written agreement.
    * acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.
    * acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.
    * acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.
    * acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.
    * acuerdo secreto = secret deal.
    * acuerdo sindical = union contract.
    * acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.
    * acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.
    * alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.
    * celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.
    * concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.
    * dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.
    * firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.
    * firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.
    * llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.
    * llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.
    * negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.
    * no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.
    * no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.
    * respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.

    * * *
    A
    1 (arreglo) agreement
    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo to reach an agreement
    se separaron de común acuerdo they separated by mutual agreement
    2 (pacto) agreement
    un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement
    los acuerdos de paz the peace agreements o ( frml) accords
    Compuestos:
    (UE) association agreement
    outline agreement
    prenuptial agreement
    wage settlement
    B ( en locs)
    1
    al final se pusieron de acuerdo in the end they came to o reached an agreement
    de acuerdo EN algo:
    están de acuerdo en todo they agree on everything
    estamos de acuerdo en que va a ser difícil we all agree o we're all agreed that it's going to be difficult
    estar de acuerdo CON algn/algo to agree WITH sb/sth
    sobre ese punto estoy de acuerdo con ellos I agree with them on that point
    no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you, I disagree with you
    no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't agree o I disagree with paying him so much
    no estoy de acuerdo con lo que acabas de decir I don't agree with what you've just said
    2
    de acuerdo ( indep) OK, okay
    ¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right
    salimos a las 6 ¿de acuerdo? we leave at 6, OK o okay?
    3
    de acuerdo con or a ( loc prep) in accordance with
    de acuerdo con lo establecido en el contrato in accordance with what is laid down in the contract ( frml), as laid down in the contract
    * * *

     

    Del verbo acordar: ( conjugate acordar)

    acuerdo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    acordar    
    acuerdo
    acordar ( conjugate acordar) verbo transitivo ‹ términos› to agree;
    ‹precio/fecha› to agree (on)
    ■ verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( recordar) acuerdole a algn de hacer algo/que haga algo to remind sb to do sth
    acordarse verbo pronominal
    to remember;

    acuerdose de algn/algo to remember sb/sth;
    no quiero ni acuerdome I don't even want to think about it;
    acuerdose de hacer algo (de una acción que hay/había que realizar) to remember to do sth;

    ( de una acción que ya se realizó) to remember o recall doing sth;
    ◊ se acordó de haberlo visto allí she remembered o recalled seeing him there;

    acuerdose (de) que … to remember that …
    acuerdo sustantivo masculino
    a) (arreglo, pacto) agreement;

    ◊ llegar a un acuerdo to reach an agreement; acuerdo de paz peace agreement o (frml) accord

    b)


    ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement;
    estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something;
    estar de acuerdo con algn/algo to agree with sb/sth;
    ¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo ( indep) tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right
    c) de acuerdo con or a in accordance with

    acordar verbo transitivo to agree: los sindicatos acordaron convocar una huelga, the trade unions agreed to call a strike ➣ Ver nota en agree
    acuerdo sustantivo masculino
    1 agreement
    acuerdo marco, framework agreement
    2 (conformidad) estoy de acuerdo contigo, I agree with you
    estoy de acuerdo en que es un disparate, I agree that it's ridiculous
    estábamos de acuerdo en vender la casa, we agreed to sell the house
    nunca se ponen de acuerdo, they never agree ➣ Ver nota en agree
    3 excl (asentimiento) ¡de acuerdo!, all right!, O.K.! ➣ Ver nota en all right
    ♦ Locuciones: de acuerdo con, (según) in accordance with
    de común acuerdo, by common consent
    ' acuerdo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acordarse
    - aunar
    - bien
    - bilateral
    - botepronto
    - cerrar
    - cierta
    - cierto
    - coincidir
    - compromisaria
    - compromisario
    - compromiso
    - comulgar
    - común
    - concesión
    - conforme
    - cumplir
    - dialogar
    - dinamitar
    - entendimiento
    - entorpecer
    - estar
    - excepto
    - luego
    - misma
    - mismo
    - prematrimonial
    - refrendar
    - saldar
    - según
    - sellar
    - suscribir
    - tácita
    - tácito
    - tardía
    - tardío
    - tratado
    - tripartita
    - tripartito
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - vendedor
    - vendedora
    - verificarse
    - vulnerar
    - acordar
    - alcanzar
    - aplicar
    - aprobación
    - aprobar
    English:
    accord
    - accordance
    - advantageous
    - affirm
    - agree
    - agreeable
    - agreement
    - all right
    - altogether
    - amicable
    - approve
    - approve of
    - arms control
    - arrangement
    - assent
    - back away
    - beg
    - blank
    - bond
    - compromise
    - concur
    - convenient
    - deadlock
    - deal
    - disagree
    - enter into
    - equitable
    - fall through
    - few
    - formalize
    - fulfillment
    - fulfilment
    - full
    - go along with
    - grant
    - hammer out
    - honourable
    - hope
    - horn
    - how
    - informal
    - issue
    - keep
    - keeping
    - lip
    - long-standing
    - many
    - most
    - OK
    - okay
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [determinación, pacto] agreement;
    un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement;
    llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement;
    tomar un acuerdo to make a decision;
    no hubo acuerdo they did not reach (an) agreement;
    de común acuerdo by common consent
    acuerdo arancelario tariff agreement;
    acuerdo comercial trade agreement;
    Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;
    Informát acuerdo de licencia licence agreement;
    acuerdo marco general o framework agreement;
    acuerdo de paz peace agreement o deal;
    Fin acuerdo de recompra repurchase agreement;
    acuerdo salarial pay agreement, pay deal;
    acuerdo tácito tacit agreement
    2. Am [recuerdo]
    hazme acuerdo de comprar pan remind me to buy some bread
    3. Méx [reunión] staff meeting
    ♦ de acuerdo loc adv
    1. [conforme]
    estar de acuerdo (con algo/alguien) to agree (with sth/sb);
    estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on sth;
    estamos de acuerdo en que es necesario encontrar una solución we agree that we have to find a solution;
    ponerse de acuerdo (con alguien) to agree (with sb), to come to an agreement (with sb)
    2. [bien, vale] all right;
    lo traeré mañana – de acuerdo I'll bring it tomorrow – all right o fine;
    de acuerdo, me has convencido, lo haremos a tu manera all right, you've convinced me, we'll do it your way
    3.
    de acuerdo con [conforme a] in accordance with;
    de acuerdo con cifras oficiales… according to official figures…
    * * *
    m
    1 agreement;
    acuerdo comercial trade agreement;
    estar de acuerdo con agree with, be in agreement with;
    llegar a un acuerdo, ponerse de acuerdo come to o reach an agreement ( con with);
    tomar un acuerdo reach an agreement;
    de común acuerdo by mutual agreement;
    ¡de acuerdo! all right!, OK!
    2
    :
    de acuerdo con algo in accordance with sth
    * * *
    1) : agreement
    2)
    estar de acuerdo : to agree
    3)
    de acuerdo con : in accordance with
    4)
    de acuerdo : OK, all right
    * * *
    acuerdo n agreement
    de acuerdo all right / OK

    Spanish-English dictionary > acuerdo

  • 18 stock

    [stok] 1. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a store of goods in a shop, warehouse etc: Buy while stocks last!; The tools you require are in / out of stock (= available / not available).) lager
    2) (a supply of something: We bought a large stock of food for the camping trip.) forsyning; forråd
    3) (farm animals: He would like to purchase more (live) stock.) besætning
    4) ((often in plural) money lent to the government or to a business company at a fixed interest: government stock; He has $20,000 in stocks and shares.) obligation
    5) (liquid obtained by boiling meat, bones etc and used for making soup etc.) suppesky
    6) (the handle of a whip, rifle etc.) skaft
    2. adjective
    (common; usual: stock sizes of shoes.) standard-
    3. verb
    1) (to keep a supply of for sale: Does this shop stock writing-paper?) føre
    2) (to supply (a shop, farm etc) with goods, animals etc: He cannot afford to stock his farm.) forsyne
    •
    - stocks
    - stockbroker
    - stock exchange
    - stock market
    - stockpile     4. verb
    (to accumulate (a supply of this sort).) oplagre
    - stock-taking
    - stock up
    - take stock
    * * *
    [stok] 1. noun
    1) ((often in plural) a store of goods in a shop, warehouse etc: Buy while stocks last!; The tools you require are in / out of stock (= available / not available).) lager
    2) (a supply of something: We bought a large stock of food for the camping trip.) forsyning; forråd
    3) (farm animals: He would like to purchase more (live) stock.) besætning
    4) ((often in plural) money lent to the government or to a business company at a fixed interest: government stock; He has $20,000 in stocks and shares.) obligation
    5) (liquid obtained by boiling meat, bones etc and used for making soup etc.) suppesky
    6) (the handle of a whip, rifle etc.) skaft
    2. adjective
    (common; usual: stock sizes of shoes.) standard-
    3. verb
    1) (to keep a supply of for sale: Does this shop stock writing-paper?) føre
    2) (to supply (a shop, farm etc) with goods, animals etc: He cannot afford to stock his farm.) forsyne
    •
    - stocks
    - stockbroker
    - stock exchange
    - stock market
    - stockpile     4. verb
    (to accumulate (a supply of this sort).) oplagre
    - stock-taking
    - stock up
    - take stock

    English-Danish dictionary > stock

  • 19 usar

    v.
    1 to use.
    ¿sabes usar esta máquina? do you know how to use this machine?
    sin usar unused
    Antonio usa grapas Anthony uses staples.
    El timador usó a las personas The swindler used the people.
    2 to wear (ropa, lentes, maquillaje).
    estos guantes están sin usar these gloves haven't been worn
    Antonio usa corbata Anthony wears ties.
    * * *
    1 to use
    2 (prenda) to wear
    1 to use (de, -)
    1 (estar de moda) to be used, be in fashion
    \
    de usar y tirar throwaway
    sin usar brand-new
    * * *
    verb
    2) wear
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=utilizar) [+ aparato, transporte, sustancia, expresión] to use

    • usar algo/a algn como — to use sth/sb as

    • de usar y tirar — [envase, producto] disposable

    literatura que algunos llaman de "usar y tirar" — so-called "pulp fiction"

    2) (=llevar) [+ ropa, perfume] to wear

    ¿qué número usa? — what size do you take?

    3) (=soler)
    2.
    VI

    • usar de — [+ derecho, poder] to exercise

    usar del derecho al voto — to exercise one's right to vote, use one's vote

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (emplear, utilizar) to use

    ¿cómo se usa esto? — < máquina> how does this work?; <diccionario/herramienta> how do you use this?

    usar algo/a alguien de or como algo — to use something/somebody as something

    b) <instalaciones/servicio> to use
    c) <producto/combustible> to use
    2) ( llevar) <alhajas/ropa> to wear; < perfume> to use, wear

    estos zapatos están sin usar — these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn

    3) (esp AmL) < persona> to use
    2.
    usar vi
    1) ver abusar 2)
    2) usar de (frml) ( hacer uso de) <influencia/autoridad> to use
    3.
    usarse v pron (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) color/ropa to be in fashion
    * * *
    = adopt, call on/upon, deploy, employ, make + use of, rely on/upon, take, use, utilise [utilize, -USA], draw on/upon, use up, mobilise [mobilize, -USA].
    Ex. The concept of corporate authorship was first formulated in the BM code and has been adopted in all subsequent English language codes.
    Ex. It can only be a matter of time before we have in effect a complete set of MARC records to call on for details of any item we require.
    Ex. The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.
    Ex. The size of the collections in which the LCC is currently employed is likely to be a significant factor in its perpetuation.
    Ex. The example search in figure 8.3 shows how the statements in an online search make use of Boolean logic operators.
    Ex. When BNB began publication in 1950 it relied upon the fourteenth edition of DC.
    Ex. A common standard serial interface is the RS232C which takes a 24-pin plug and is commonly used to connect many peripherals including printers and modems.
    Ex. A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
    Ex. Clearly both tools record controlled indexing languages, but they are utilised in different environments.
    Ex. Bay's essay was produced to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Gesner's birth and draws upon a mass of contemporary source material.
    Ex. Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    Ex. It is time for all librarians to change their attitudes and become involved, to seek funds and mobilise civic organisations and businesses in cooperative efforts.
    ----
    * al usarse = in use.
    * aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.
    * capaz de usar el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * cuchillo de usar y tirar = disposable knife.
    * de usar y tirar = disposable, throwaway, single-use.
    * fácil de usar = easy-to-use, user friendly.
    * hacer que no se use = render + unused.
    * listo para usar = off-the-rack.
    * listo para usarse = on tap.
    * plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * seleccionar en pantalla usando el contraste de colores = highlight.
    * servilleta de usar y tirar = disposable napkin.
    * tenedor de usar y tirar = disposable fork.
    * usando = by use of.
    * usando el tiempo de un modo eficaz = time efficient [time-efficient].
    * usar Algo bien = put to + good use.
    * usar Algo con buen provecho = use + Nombre + to good advantage.
    * usar Algo de un modo muy diluido = spread + Nombre + thinly.
    * usar como gasto deducible = write off.
    * usar como modelo = use + as a model.
    * usar con mesura = eke out.
    * usar con precaución = use + with caution.
    * usar de forma general = widely applied.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar de un modo despreocupado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar eficazmente = tap.
    * usar enchufes = pull + strings.
    * usar en exceso = overuse.
    * usar excesivamente = overuse.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.
    * usar indistintamente = use + interchangeably.
    * usar mal = abuse, misuse.
    * usarse = be in use.
    * usarse en = be at home in.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * usar superficialmente = nibble at.
    * úsese = Use.
    * úsese en lugar de (UF) = UF (use for).
    * volver a usar = reuse [re-use].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (emplear, utilizar) to use

    ¿cómo se usa esto? — < máquina> how does this work?; <diccionario/herramienta> how do you use this?

    usar algo/a alguien de or como algo — to use something/somebody as something

    b) <instalaciones/servicio> to use
    c) <producto/combustible> to use
    2) ( llevar) <alhajas/ropa> to wear; < perfume> to use, wear

    estos zapatos están sin usar — these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn

    3) (esp AmL) < persona> to use
    2.
    usar vi
    1) ver abusar 2)
    2) usar de (frml) ( hacer uso de) <influencia/autoridad> to use
    3.
    usarse v pron (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) color/ropa to be in fashion
    * * *
    = adopt, call on/upon, deploy, employ, make + use of, rely on/upon, take, use, utilise [utilize, -USA], draw on/upon, use up, mobilise [mobilize, -USA].

    Ex: The concept of corporate authorship was first formulated in the BM code and has been adopted in all subsequent English language codes.

    Ex: It can only be a matter of time before we have in effect a complete set of MARC records to call on for details of any item we require.
    Ex: The article presents the results of trials in which the model was deployed to classify aspects of the construction industry, such as construction norms and regulations.
    Ex: The size of the collections in which the LCC is currently employed is likely to be a significant factor in its perpetuation.
    Ex: The example search in figure 8.3 shows how the statements in an online search make use of Boolean logic operators.
    Ex: When BNB began publication in 1950 it relied upon the fourteenth edition of DC.
    Ex: A common standard serial interface is the RS232C which takes a 24-pin plug and is commonly used to connect many peripherals including printers and modems.
    Ex: A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
    Ex: Clearly both tools record controlled indexing languages, but they are utilised in different environments.
    Ex: Bay's essay was produced to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Gesner's birth and draws upon a mass of contemporary source material.
    Ex: Plug-in programs have grown widely, they add functionality to a WWW browser but also use up drive storage space or conflict with other types of programs.
    Ex: It is time for all librarians to change their attitudes and become involved, to seek funds and mobilise civic organisations and businesses in cooperative efforts.
    * al usarse = in use.
    * aparato para usar Internet = Internet appliance.
    * capaz de usar el correo electrónico = e-mail literate.
    * cuchillo de usar y tirar = disposable knife.
    * de usar y tirar = disposable, throwaway, single-use.
    * fácil de usar = easy-to-use, user friendly.
    * hacer que no se use = render + unused.
    * listo para usar = off-the-rack.
    * listo para usarse = on tap.
    * plato de usar y tirar = disposable plate.
    * que puede ser usado a través de la web = web-compliant.
    * seleccionar en pantalla usando el contraste de colores = highlight.
    * servilleta de usar y tirar = disposable napkin.
    * tenedor de usar y tirar = disposable fork.
    * usando = by use of.
    * usando el tiempo de un modo eficaz = time efficient [time-efficient].
    * usar Algo bien = put to + good use.
    * usar Algo con buen provecho = use + Nombre + to good advantage.
    * usar Algo de un modo muy diluido = spread + Nombre + thinly.
    * usar como gasto deducible = write off.
    * usar como modelo = use + as a model.
    * usar con mesura = eke out.
    * usar con precaución = use + with caution.
    * usar de forma general = widely applied.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar de un modo despreocupado = bandy (about/around).
    * usar eficazmente = tap.
    * usar enchufes = pull + strings.
    * usar en exceso = overuse.
    * usar excesivamente = overuse.
    * usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.
    * usar indistintamente = use + interchangeably.
    * usar mal = abuse, misuse.
    * usarse = be in use.
    * usarse en = be at home in.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * usar superficialmente = nibble at.
    * úsese = Use.
    * úsese en lugar de (UF) = UF (use for).
    * volver a usar = reuse [re-use].

    * * *
    usar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (emplear, utilizar) to use
    ¿cómo se usa esta calculadora? how does this calculator work?
    es una expresión poco usada it's not a very common expression, it's not an expression that's used a lot
    usó mal esa palabra he didn't use the word correctly
    usa preservativos use condoms
    usó toda su diplomacia para convencerlos she used all her tact to convince them
    usar algo/a algn DEor COMO algo to use sth/sb AS sth
    no uses el plato de or como cenicero don't use the plate as an ashtray
    ¿te puedo usar de or como testigo? can I use you as a witness?
    2 ‹instalaciones/servicio› to use
    hay una excelente biblioteca pero nadie la usa there's an excellent library but nobody uses it o nobody makes use of it
    3 (consumir) ‹producto/ingredientes/combustible› to use
    ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?
    no uses todos los huevos don't use all the eggs (up)
    B (llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa› to wear; ‹perfume› to use, wear
    estos zapatos están sin usar these shoes are unworn, these shoes have never been worn
    C ( esp AmL) (explotar, manipular) ‹persona› to use
    me sentí usada I felt used
    D usar de ( frml) (hacer uso de) ‹influencia/autoridad› to use
    ■ usarse
    ( esp AmL) (estar de moda): el fucsia es el color que más se va a usar esta temporada fuchsia is set to be the most popular color o ( colloq) the in-color this season
    cuando se usaba la maxifalda when long skirts were in fashion
    se usan muchísimo las prendas de cuero leather clothing is very popular
    ya no se usa hacer fiestas de compromiso it's not very common to have an engagement party nowadays
    * * *

     

    usar ( conjugate usar) verbo transitivo

    ◊ ¿qué champú usas? what shampoo do you use?;

    usar algo/a algn de or como algo to use sth/sb as sth
    b) ( llevar) ‹alhajas/ropa/perfume› to wear;


    usarse verbo pronominal (en 3a pers) (esp AmL) ( estar de moda) [color/ropa] to be in fashion, to be popular;

    usar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (hacer uso, emplear) to use: no uses mi maquinilla, don't use my razor
    siempre usa el mismo método, she uses always the same method
    2 (llevar ropa, perfume, etc) to wear
    II vi (utilizar) to use

    ' usar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alquilar
    - apellido
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastante
    - bien
    - calor
    - casarse
    - cerrarse
    - como
    - don
    - doña
    - enferma
    - enfermo
    - error
    - fácil
    - fresca
    - fresco
    - fuerza
    - gastar
    - gritar
    - gustar
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - infante
    - irse
    - mucha
    - mucho
    - padre
    - parecerse
    - poder
    - soler
    - telefonear
    - toda
    - todo
    - ver
    - viaje
    - abusar
    - aprovechar
    - aspereza
    - emplear
    - estrenar
    - manejar
    - ocupar
    - someter
    English:
    absent
    - accustom
    - advise
    - apply
    - appreciate
    - averse
    - bed
    - begin
    - delay
    - dread
    - engine driver
    - eventual
    - excuse
    - feel
    - female
    - get
    - go
    - go on
    - hate
    - help out
    - liberty
    - love
    - male-dominated
    - mention
    - mind
    - miss
    - must
    - object
    - off
    - oven
    - overdo
    - possess
    - print
    - quite
    - ready
    - Scotch
    - shall
    - sparing
    - start
    - still
    - storey
    - study
    - take
    - teach
    - try
    - ultimately
    - unused
    - use
    - walking frame
    - work
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [aparato, herramienta, término] to use;
    ¿sabes usar esta máquina? do you know how to use this machine?;
    una cafetera sin usar an unused coffee pot;
    un método muy usado en literatura a widely used method in literature;
    usar algo como o [m5]de: un cobertizo pequeño que se usa como o [m5] de almacén a small shed which is used as a store;
    de usar y tirar [producto] disposable
    2. [ropa, lentes] to wear;
    no uso maquillaje I don't wear make-up;
    estos guantes están sin usar these gloves haven't been worn;
    siempre uso la talla 40 I always wear size 40
    3. Am [persona] to use;
    cuídate de ella, suele usar a la gente que se deja watch out with her, she tends to use people if they let her
    ♦ vi
    usar de to use, to make use of;
    quien siempre usa de la verdad whoever abides by the truth
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 use
    2 ropa, gafas wear
    II v/i
    :
    listo para usar ready to use
    * * *
    usar vt
    1) emplear, utilizar: to use, to make use of
    2) consumir: to consume, to use (up)
    3) llevar: to wear
    4)
    de usar y tirar : disposable
    * * *
    usar vb
    1. (emplear) to use
    2. (llevar) to wear [pt. wore; pp. worn]

    Spanish-English dictionary > usar

  • 20 sí

    m.
    * * *
    si
    2 (disyuntiva, duda) if, whether
    ■ ¡si yo no quería! but I didn't want to!
    ■ ¡pero si es facilísimo! ¡but it's really easy!
    \
    como si as if
    como si nada / como si tal cosa as if it were nothing at all
    por si acaso just in case
    si bien although, even though
    ————————
    si
    1 MÚSICA ti, si, B
    * * *
    conj.
    1) if
    •
    - si no
    * * *
    I
    CONJ
    1) [uso condicional] if

    si lo quieres, te lo doy — if you want it I'll give it to you

    si lo sé, no te lo digo — I wouldn't have told you, if I'd known

    si tuviera dinero, lo compraría — if I had any money I would buy it

    si me lo hubiese pedido, se lo habría o hubiera dado — if he had asked me for it I would have given it to him

    • si no — [condición negativa] if not; [indicando alternativa] otherwise, or (else)

    si no estudias, no aprobarás — you won't pass if you don't study, you won't pass unless you study

    ponte crema porque si no, te quemarás — put some cream on, otherwise o or (else) you'll get sunburned

    vete, si no, vas a llegar tarde — go, or (else) you'll be late

    • llevo el paraguas por si (acaso) llueve — I've got my umbrella (just) in case it rains

    • ¿y si llueve? — what if it rains?

    ¿y si se lo preguntamos? — why don't we ask her?

    2) [en interrogativas indirectas] whether

    ¿sabes si nos han pagado ya? — do you know if we've been paid yet?

    3) [uso concesivo]

    no sé de qué te quejas, si eres una belleza — I don't know what you're complaining about when you're so beautiful

    • si bien — although

    si bien creó un amplio consenso político... — although it is true o while it may be true that he created a broad political consensus...

    4) [uso desiderativo]

    ¡si fuera verdad! — if only it were true!, I wish it were true!

    ¡si viniese pronto! — I wish he'd come!, if only he'd come!

    5) [indicando protesta] but

    ¡si no sabía que estabas allí! — but I didn't know you were there!

    ¡si (es que) acabo de llamarte! — but I've only just phoned you!

    ¡si tienes la tira de discos! — but you have loads of records! *

    6) [uso enfático]

    ¡si serán hipócritas! — they're such hypocrites!, they're so hypocritical!

    -es un pesado -¡si lo sabré yo! — "he's a pain" - "don't I know it!" o "you're telling me!"

    si lo sabré yo, que soy su mujer — I ought to know, I'm his wife

    que si engorda, que si perjudica a la salud... — they say it's fattening and bad for your health

    que si lavar los platos, que si limpiar el suelo, que si... — what with washing up and sweeping the floor and...

    7) [indicando sorpresa]

    ¡pero si es el cartero! — why, it's the postman!

    ¡pero si eres tú! no te había reconocido — oh, it's you, I didn't recognize you!

    SI La conjunción si se puede traducir al inglés por if o whether; si no se traduce por if not o unless. Si ► Por regla general, si se traduce al inglés por if en las oraciones condicionales y por whether o if en las dubitativas: Si me has mentido te arrepentirás If you have lied to me you'll regret it Si tuviera mucho dinero me compraría un caballo If I had lots of money, I'd buy myself a horse No sé si me dejará quedarme I don't know whether o if he'll let me stay ► Si se puede traducir solo por whether, y nunca por if, cuando se presentan dos opciones a elegir, cuando va detrás de una preposición, delante de un infinitivo o de una oración interrogativa indirecta: No sé si ir a Canadá o a Estados Unidos I can't decide whether to go to Canada or the United States Quiero que hablemos de si deberíamos mandar a los niños a un colegio interno I want to talk to you about whether we should send the children to boarding school Todavía no tenemos muy claro si vamos a mudarnos o no We still haven't made up our minds about whether to move or not ► Las oraciones del tipo si hubieras hecho algo... se pueden traducir, en un registro más culto, omitiendo la partícula if e invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo auxiliar: Si hubieras estado aquí esto no habría ocurrido Had you been here this would not have happened Si no ► Si no generalmente se traduce al inglés por if not aunque, cuando en español se puede reemplazar por a no ser que, se puede utilizar también unless y cuando equivale a de lo contrario se emplea preferentemente otherwise o or else: Iría al cine más a menudo si no fuera tan caro I would go to the cinema more often if it weren't so expensive No te puedes quedar aquí si no pagas el alquiler You can't stay here unless you pay your rent o You can't stay here if you don't pay your rent Tenemos que estar allí antes de las diez; si no, vamos a tener problemas We must be there by ten, otherwise o or else we'll be in trouble ► Las oraciones del tipo si no hubieras hecho algo... se pueden traducir, en un registro más culto, omitiendo la partícula if e invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo auxiliar: Si no hubiese robado el dinero, ahora no estaría en la cárcel Had he not stolen the money, he wouldn't be in prison now Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada II
    SM (Mús) B
    * * *
    I

    ¿has terminado? - sí — have you finished? - yes o yes, I have

    ¿te sirvo un poco más? - sí, gracias — do you want a bit more? - yes, please

    ¿por qué lo hiciste? - porque sí — why did you do it? - because I felt like it

    ¿por qué lleva tanto tiempo? - porque sí — why does it take so long? - it just does

    lo que sí quiero es que lo pienses bien — what I do want you to do is to think it over carefully

    no puedo - sí que puedes! — I can't - yes, you can! o of course, you can!

    no es tuyo - sí que lo es — it isn't yours - oh yes, it is!

    ah, no! eso sí que no! — oh no! I'm not having that! (colloq), oh no! no way! (colloq)

    es de muy buena calidad - eso sí — it's very good quality - (yes,) that's true

    ..., pero eso sí, comen bien —... but they certainly eat well

    ¿lloverá? - puede que sí — do you think it will rain? - it might

    se fue sin permiso - ¿ah sí? — he left without asking permission - is that so? o did he now?

    ¿te gusta? a mí sí — do you like it? I do

    que no vas! - que sí! — you're not going! - oh, yes I am!

    ¿a que no te atrees? - a que sív — I bet you wouldn't dare - (do you) want to bet?

    II III
    pronombre personal
    1) (3a pers sing)
    a) (refl)

    lo hizo por sí mismo or por sí solo — he did it by himself o on his own

    cerró la puerta tras de sí — (liter) she closed the door behind her

    2) (3a pers pl)
    a) (refl)

    lo pensó para sí, pero no dijo nada — she thought it but didn't say anything

    b)

    entre sí — ( entre dos) between themselves; ( en un grupo) among themselves

    3) (refl)
    a) ( usted) yourself
    b) ( ustedes)

    de por sí: es de por sí nervioso he is nervous by nature; el sistema es de por sí complicado the system is in itself complicated; en sí: el hecho en sí (mismo) no tenía demasiada importancia this in itself was not so important; el sueldo en sí no es maravilloso, pero... — the salary itself isn't great but...

    * * *
    I
    1)

    si lo sé, no vengo — (fam) if I'd known, I wouldn't have come

    si pudiera, se lo compraba — (fam) if I could, I'd buy it for him

    si lo hubiera or hubiese sabido... — if I'd known..., had I known...

    empezó a decir que si esto, que si lo otro — he said this, that and the other

    si bien: si bien el sueldo es bueno, el horario es malísimo the pay may be good but the hours are terrible; si no otherwise; pórtate bien, si no, te vas a la cama behave yourself, or else you're going straight to bed; date prisa, que si no nos vamos sin ti — hurry up, otherwise we're going without you

    2)
    b) ( cada vez que) if

    si hacía sol salíamos a pasear — if o when it was sunny we used to go out for a walk

    3)

    si + subj: si yo lo supiera! if only I knew!; si me hubieras avisado a tiempo! — if only you had let me know in time!

    b) (en frases que expresan protesta, indignación, sorpresa)

    pero si te avisé...! — but I warned you...!

    c) (fam) ( uso enfático)

    si lo sabré yo! — don't I know it!, you're telling me!

    d) (planteando eventualidades, sugerencias)

    y si no quiere hacerlo ¿qué? — and if she doesn't want to do it, what then?

    ¿y si lo probáramos? — why don't we give it a try?

    me pregunto si lo encontrarán — I wonder if o whether they'll find it

    II
    masculino ( nota) B; ( en solfeo) ti, te (BrE)

    si bemol/sostenido — B flat/sharp

    en si mayor/menor — in B major/minor

    * * *
    si1
    = if, if only, to the extent that, whether, should, to the degree that.

    Ex: If our data are going to be used in other countries, we have to remember that English users would prefer standard English.

    Ex: A large proportion of the earth's population has not yet recognized the enormous advantages that would accrue if only everybody spoke English.
    Ex: A future with online catalogues will still require analytical entries, to the extent that records need to contain notes of contents of works.
    Ex: The question I will address is whether our acting on what I believe to be an invalid assumption provides valid cataloging.
    Ex: Should they have misjudged the availability of such a source, they can anticipate alternate approaches.
    Ex: To the degree that this argument is true, it paints a rather pessimistic picture of the quality of much published research.
    * ¿y si... ? = what if... ?.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si nada = unfazed.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = unfazed, just like that.
    * comprobar si el contenido de un vídeo es adecuado o no = vet + video.
    * con respecto a si... o... = as to whether... or....
    * cuando..., si es que... = if and when.
    * ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?.
    * no importa si... o = no matter whether... or.
    * o si no = or else.
    * porque sí = for the love of it.
    * por si = in the chance that.
    * por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec.
    * por si casualidad = in the chance that.
    * por si fuera poco = to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.
    * por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * ¿qué ocurre si... ? = what if... ?.
    * ¿qué pasa si... ? = what if... ?.
    * ¿qué sucede si... ? = what if... ?.
    * ¿quién si no...? = who else but...?.
    * si acaso = if ever, if at all, if and when.
    * si alguna vez lo fue = if it ever was.
    * si así lo desean = should they so wish, should they so wish.
    * si así lo prefieres = if you will.
    * si bien = admittedly.
    * si bien es cierto que = albeit (that).
    * si bien se mira = all things considered.
    * si contiene alguno = if any.
    * si corresponde = if applicable.
    * si Dios quiere = God willing.
    * si el tiempo lo permite = weather permitting.
    * si es así = if so, if this is the case.
    * si es necesario = if need be.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if at all possible, if at all feasible, if possible.
    * si es que sucede alguna vez = if ever.
    * si éste es el caso = if this is the case.
    * si éste no es el caso = if this is not the case.
    * si existe alguno = if any.
    * si fuera pertinente = if applicable.
    * si fuese pertinente = if applicable.
    * si hace buen tiempo = weather permitting.
    * si hay tiempo = time permitting.
    * si + Infinitivo + o no = whether or not to + Infinitivo.
    * si las miradas mataran... = if looks could kill....
    * si los comparamos = in comparison.
    * si mal no + Pronombre + acordarse = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.
    * si mi olfato no me engaña = if my hunch is right, if I am not mistaken.
    * si no = if not.
    * si no aguantas el calor, sal de la cocina = if you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.
    * si no es así = if this is not the case.
    * si no estoy equivocado = if my hunch is right, if I am not mistaken.
    * si no fuera así = if it were not.
    * si no hay ningún contratiempo = all being well.
    * si no intervienen otros factores = ceteris paribus.
    * si no intervienen otros factores = all (other) things being equal.
    * si no lo impide el tiempo = weather permitting.
    * si no me equivoco = AFAIK (as far as I know).
    * si no ocurre ningún imprevisto = all (other) things being equal.
    * si no + Pronombre + fallar la memoria = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.
    * si nos detenemos a reflexionar sobre ello = on reflection.
    * si no te gusta, te aguantas = like it or lump it, if you don't like it you can lump it, if you don't like it you can lump it.
    * si procede = if applicable, if appropriate.
    * si queda tiempo = time permitting.
    * si + se + Indicativo = if + Participio Pasado.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si se necesita = if need be.
    * si se parece a un pato, anda como un pato y grazna como un pato, entonces es = If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck.
    * si se quiere que + Nombre + sea = if + Nombre + be + to be.
    * si + SER + Adjetivo = if + Adjetivo.
    * si + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si sigue así = at this rate.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * si todo va bien = all being well.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * si vamos a eso = for that matter.

    * * *
    SI
    (= sistema de información) IS
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    si    
    sí
    si conjunción
    1
    a) ( en general) if;


    sí lo hubiera or hubiese sabido … if I'd known …, had I known …;
    empezó a decir que sí esto, que sí lo otro he said this, that and the other

    ◊ ¡sí yo lo supiera! if only I knew!

    c) (en frases que expresan protesta, indignación, sorpresa):

    ◊ ¡pero sí te avisé …! but I warned you …!

    d) (planteando eventualidades, sugerencias):

    ◊ y sí no quiere hacerlo ¿qué? and if she doesn't want to do it, what then?;

    ¿y sí lo probáramos? why don't we give it a try?
    e) ( en locs)


    2 ( en interrogativas indirectas) whether;

    ■ sustantivo masculino ( nota) B;
    ( en solfeo) ti, te (BrE);
    ◊ sí bemol/sostenido B flat/sharp

    sí adverbio
    1 ( respuesta afirmativa) yes;
    ◊ ¿has terminado? — sí have you finished? — yes (I have);

    decir que sí con la cabeza to nod
    2 ( uso enfático):

    tú sí que sabes vivir you certainly know how to live!;
    eso sí que es caro that is expensive;
    no puedo — ¡sí que puedes! I can't — yes, you can! o of course, you can!;
    que sí cabe it does fit;
    es de muy buena calidad — eso sí it's very good quality — (yes,) that's true
    3 ( sustituyendo a una cláusula):

    me temo que sí I'm afraid so;
    ¿lloverá? — puede que sí do you think it will rain? — it might;
    un día sí y otro no every other day;
    no puedo ir pero ella sí I can't go but she can
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    yes
    ■ pron pers
    1
    a) ( refl) (él) himself;

    ( ella) herself;
    (ellos, ellas) themselves;

    parece muy segura de sí (misma) she seems very sure of herself;
    fueron para convencerse a sí mismos/mismas they went to convince themselves
    b) ( refl) ( usted) yourself;

    ( ustedes) yourselves;

    léanlo para sí (mismos) read it (to) yourselves
    c) ( impers):


    2 ( en locs)


    ( entre varios) among themselves;
    ◊ lo discutieron entre sí they discussed it between/among themselves;

    no se respetan entre sí they don't respect each other;
    de por sí: es de por sí nervioso he is nervous by nature;
    el sistema es de por sí complicado the system is in itself complicated;
    en sí (mismo): el hecho en sí (mismo) no tenía demasiada importancia this in itself was not so important
    si conj
    1 (expresando una condición) if: si vienes te lo cuento, if you come I will tell you
    si pudiera, se lo daría, if I could, I would give it to him
    2 fam (uso enfático) ¡si ya te lo decía yo!, but I told you!
    (expresando deseo) if only: ¡si tuviera más tiempo!, if only I had more time!
    3 (en interrogativas indirectas) if, whether: me pregunto si llegará pronto, I wonder if o whether she'll come soon
    (disyuntiva) whether: quisiera saber si te gusta o no, I'd like to know whether you like it or not
    4 si no, otherwise, if not, or else: ponte el abrigo, si no, cogerás un catarro, put your coat on, otherwise you'll catch a cold
    ♦ Locuciones: como si, as if: camina como si estuviese herido, he walks as if he were hurt
    por si acaso, just in case
    si m Mús (nota) B
    (en solfeo) te, ti
    sí pron pers reflexivo
    1 (3ª persona de singular) (masculino) himself: logró hacerlo por sí solo, he was able to do it by himself o on his own
    (femenino) herself: lo dijo para sí, she said it to herself
    (3ª persona de plural) themselves: tenían un gran parecido entre sí, they all looked very similar
    2 (referido a uno mismo) uno debe hacerlo por sí mismo, one has to do it oneself
    3 (usted) compruébelo por sí mismo, see for yourself
    (ustedes) yourselves
    ♦ Locuciones: dar de sí: no da más de sí, he can't do any more
    de por sí: es de por sí amable, she's kind by nature
    esta teoría es de por sí difícil, this theory is in itself difficult
    sí
    I adverbio yes: ¿te gusta?, - sí, do you like it?, yes o - yes, I do
    ¿estás seguro?, - sí, are you sure?, - yes o -yes, I am
    ellos no irán, pero yo sí, they will not go, but I will
    creo que sí, I think so
    dijo que sí, he said yes o he accepted
    me temo que sí, I'm afraid so
    ¡sí que la has hecho buena!, you've really done it!
    es un actor famoso, - ¿sí?, he's a famous actor, - really?
    un día sí y otro no, every other day
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 yes: con el sí de tu familia, with your family's approval
    2 Pol los síes, the ayes
    ♦ Locuciones: dar el sí, to accept sb's proposal
    (el novio, la novia) me dio el sí, she consented to marry me
    'sí' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaso
    - acercar
    - aclararse
    - algo
    - año
    - anquilosarse
    - apenas
    - aspen
    - aunque
    - ayudarse
    - berrinche
    - bien
    - bilis
    - bombera
    - bombero
    - caber
    - cabeza
    - calor
    - camelar
    - camiseta
    - casa
    - casualidad
    - chimenea
    - clara
    - claro
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - colar
    - como
    - compasiva
    - compasivo
    - conceder
    - concesión
    - concienciarse
    - confianza
    - conformista
    - constructor
    - constructora
    - contención
    - contraponer
    - creer
    - crecida
    - crecido
    - cuando
    - cuestión
    - dar
    - decir
    - dejar
    - delgada
    - delgado
    English:
    ability
    - accountable
    - add to
    - add up
    - affirmative
    - afraid
    - agree
    - agreeable
    - all
    - all right
    - aloud
    - amok
    - antsy
    - any
    - anybody
    - anything
    - appreciate
    - arguable
    - arise
    - as
    - assurance
    - autograph
    - avoid
    - B
    - bankrupt
    - barrel
    - be
    - beat
    - begin
    - believe
    - beside
    - blind
    - boat
    - bolster
    - bonus
    - boost
    - boot
    - bop
    - bother
    - but
    - card
    - care
    - carry through
    - case
    - certainly
    - chain letter
    - chance
    - check
    - come round
    - come to
    * * *
    SI nm (abrev de Sistema Internacional)
    SI
    * * *
    si
    I conj if;
    si no if not;
    me pregunto si vendrá I wonder whether he’ll come;
    como si as if;
    por si in case;
    ¡si no lo sabía! but I didn’t know!
    II m MÚS B;
    si bemol B flat
    * * *
    si conj
    1) : if
    lo haré si me pagan: I'll do it if they pay me
    si lo supiera te lo diría: if I knew it I would tell you
    2) : whether, if
    no importa si funciona o no: it doesn't matter whether it works (or not)
    3) (expressing desire, protest, or surprise)
    si supiera la verdad: if only I knew the truth
    ¡si no quiero!: but I don't want to!
    4)
    si bien : although
    si bien se ha progresado: although progress has been made
    5)
    si no : otherwise, or else
    si no, no voy: otherwise I won't go
    sí adv
    1) : yes
    sí, gracias: yes, please
    creo que sí: I think so
    2)
    sí que : indeed, absolutely
    esta vez sí que ganaré: this time I'm sure to win
    3)
    porque sí fam : because, just because
    lo hizo porque sí: she did it just because
    sí nm
    : yes
    dar el sí: to say yes, to express consent
    sí pron
    1)
    en sí : by itself, in itself, per se
    2)
    fuera de sí : beside oneself
    3)
    para sí (mismo) : to himself, to herself, for himself, for herself
    4)
    entre si : among themselves
    * * *
    si conj
    si deja de llover, saldremos if it stops raining, we'll go out
    si me tocara la lotería, me compraría una moto if I won the lottery, I would buy a motorbike
    si lo hubiera sabido, no habría venido if I had known, I wouldn't have come
    2. (petición, deseo) if only
    ¡si me dejaran ir! if only they would let me go!
    3. (duda) if / whether
    4. (énfasis) but / really

    Spanish-English dictionary > sí

Страницы

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